Across West and Central Africa, wildlife provides a source of food and income. We investigated the relation between bushmeat hunting and household wealth and protein consumption in 2 rural communities in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. One village was dedicated to commercial hunting, the other trapped game primarily for food. We tested whether commercial-hunter households were nutritionally advantaged over subsistence-hunter households due to their higher income from the bushmeat trade and greater access to wild-animal protein. We conducted bushmeat-offtake surveys in both villages (captures by hunters and carcasses arriving to each village). Mammals (including threatened primates: black colobus [Colobus satanas], Preussi's guenon [Allochrocebus preussi], and russet-eared guenon [Cercopithecus erythrotis]), birds, and reptiles were hunted. The blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), giant pouched rat (Cricetomys emini), and brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) contributed almost all the animal biomass hunted, consumed, or sold in both villages. Monkeys and Ogilbyi's duikers (Cephalophus ogilbyi) were hunted only by commercial hunters. Commercial hunters generated a mean of US$2000/year from bushmeat sales. Households with commercial hunters were on average wealthier, generated more income, spent more money on nonessential goods, and bought more products they did not grow. By contrast, households with subsistence hunters spent less on market items, spent more on essential products, and grew more of their own food. Despite these differences, average consumption of vegetable protein and domestic meat and bushmeat protein did not differ between villages. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the socioeconomic and nutritional context of commercial and subsistence bushmeat hunting to correctly interpret ways of reducing their effects on threatened species and to enable the sustainable offtake of more productive taxa.
RESUMENEl cerdo Criollo costero (CCC), forma parte de la cultura popular de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Se utiliza para producir carne y chacinados desde el principio de la colonización española hasta la actualidad. A pesar de esto, nunca se lo ha valorado zootécnicamente y no ha sido tenido en cuenta como recurso genético en la producción porcina moderna. El mayor número de ejemplares se mantiene como cerdo cimarrón en una amplia zona costera de la provincia. No se han estudiado aún sus características productivas ni su importancia económica y social. Se plantea aquí la necesidad de constituir un centro genético porcino local, destinado a caracterizar productivamente este recurso genético local para lograr un aprovechamiento más racional. Coastal Creole pig: Valuable local animal genetic resources in the province of Buenos Aires Argentina SUMMARYThe Coastal Creole pig (CCC), is part of the popular culture of the Buenos Aires province. It is used to produce meat, sausages and cold cuts since the beginning of the Spanish colonization to the present. Despite this, it has never valued as a genetic resource in modern pig farming. The largest number of pigs remains feral in a wide coastal area of the province. Their productive characteristics and economic and social importance has not been studied. This raises the need to establish a local pig genetic center, designed to productively characterize this local genetic resources to achieve a more rational use. INTRODUCCIÓNLos cerdos domésticos ingresaron a América por primera vez a la Isla La Española, en el segundo viaje de Colón en 1493 y desde allí se expandieron hacia Colombia, Venezuela, Perú y Ecuador (Revidatti et al., 2004). A la Argentina llegaron con Pedro de Mendoza en la primera fundación de Buenos Aires en 1536 (Giberti, 1970). Luego hubo otras introducciones de cerdos y para fines del siglo XVI el número de animales era muy numeroso, tan es así que en la reunión del Cabildo de Buenos Aires efectuada el 16 de Junio de 1590, se acordó que los vecinos cumpliesen con la ordenanza de tener a los cerdos encerrados en un corral. Tal como ocurrió con las otras especies de interés zootécnico introducidas por los colonizadores españoles, de a poco fueron diferenciándo-se dos poblaciones, una mansa que vivía cerca de las ciudades en contacto con los humanos y otra de cría libre que habitualmente se denominó chancho cimarrón o feral. A mediados del siglo XVIII la población de cerdos cimarrones se había dispersado hacia el sur y llegaba hasta el actual partido de Balcarce, en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Según Cabrera y Yepes (1940), el sacerdote jesuita J. Cardiel describía en la época:
In Argentina, domestic pigs (Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758) were introduced during the first Buenos Aires foundation, in the year 1536. Their provenance was mainly from the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. In 1541 those pigs were released and, consequently, the first feral populations were originated. Thereafter, the species propagated both naturally and through human action, reaching a distribution that covers most of the Argentinian territory. The objective of this study is to genetically characterize the oldest feral pig populations in Argentina, making use of the mitochondrial control region (CR) and the amelogenin gene (AmelY), in order to determine their phylogenetic origin and corroborate its consistency with the historic information. The obtained results indicate that most of the feral pigs in Corrientes and Buenos Aires populations are positioned in the European subclades, E1-A and E1-C for CR, and HY1 and HY2 for AmelY. Despite this fact, a low frequency of individuals of Asian origin was found in populations from Buenos Aires, whereas none of them disclosed African ancestry. Furthermore, given that a large proportion of feral pigs found in the species' original sites in Argentina have European ancestry, we can partially corroborate the historical records.
Los cerdos silvestres (Sus scrofa) descienden de cruzamientos entre cerdos domésticos liberados durante la colonización con jabalíes salvajes euroasiáticos, liberados con propósitos cinegéticos. Son invasivos y su coexistencia con especies domésticas implica riesgos sanitarios. Argentina es considerada libre de fiebre aftosa (FA), peste porcina clásica (PPC) y africana (PPA) y síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino (PRRS). La enfermedad de Aujeszky (EA) y la leptospirosis son endémicas en ciertas áreas del país. El objetivo fue evaluar la presencia de ciertas enfermedades zoonóticas y/o de importancia para la producción animal y la conservación de la biodiversidad en cerdos silvestres de la Bahía de Samborombón. Se capturaron 118 animales. Se tomaron muestras de suero, tonsilas, músculo, intestino delgado, linfonódulos, entre otras. Se estudió la presencia de anticuerpos contra Brucella spp., coronavirus respiratorio porcino, virus de la estomatitis vesicular, de la FA, de la gastroenteritis transmisible porcina (TGEV), de la PPC, PPA, EA, PRRS y Leptospira spp. Se realizaron análisis bacteriológicos para Mycobacterium spp. Los resultados ratificaron la ausencia de las enfermedades exóticas e indicaron que 36 % de los animales presentó anticuerpos contra Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona y 62,5 % contra el virus de la EA. Estos resultados remarcan la importancia del monitoreo de la interfase productiva/silvestre en función de la salud pública, producción animal y conservación de la biodiversidad.
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