Peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Linnaeus, 1753) is an allotetraploid cultivated plant with two subgenomes derived from the hybridization between two diploid wild species, A. duranensis (Krapovickas & W. C. Gregory, 1994) and A. ipaensis (Krapovickas & W. C. Gregory, 1994), followed by spontaneous chromosomal duplication. To understand genome changes following polyploidy, the chromosomes of A. hypogaea, IpaDur1, an induced allotetraploid (A. ipaensis × A. duranensis)4x and the diploid progenitor species were cytogenetically compared. The karyotypes of the allotetraploids share the number and general morphology of chromosomes; DAPI+ bands pattern and number of 5S rDNA loci. However, one 5S rDNA locus presents a heteromorphic FISH signal in both allotetraploids, relative to corresponding progenitor. Whilst for A. hypogaea the number of 45S rDNA loci was equivalent to the sum of those present in the diploid species, in IpaDur1, two loci have not been detected. Overall distribution of repetitive DNA sequences was similar in both allotetraploids, although A. hypogaea had additional CMA3+ bands and few slight differences in the LTR-retrotransposons distribution compared to IpaDur1. GISH showed that the chromosomes of both allotetraploids had preferential hybridization to their corresponding diploid genomes. Nevertheless, at least one pair of IpaDur1 chromosomes had a clear mosaic hybridization pattern indicating recombination between the subgenomes, clear evidence that the genome of IpaDur1 shows some instability comparing to the genome of A. hypogaea that shows no mosaic of subgenomes, although both allotetraploids derive from the same progenitor species. For some reasons, the chromosome structure of A. hypogaea is inherently more stable, or, it has been at least, partially stabilized through genetic changes and selection.

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The first examples of phosphane‐catalyzed [3+2] annulation of allenoates to 6‐alkylidenepenicillanates leading to chiral spirocyclopentenyl‐β‐lactams are reported. The synthesis of this new type of β‐lactams involved the generation of either two or three consecutive stereogenic centers, including a quaternary chiral center. Although the reported methodology is highly diastereoselective, the regioselectivity is dependent on the nature of the methylenepenicillanate derivative and on the nature of the allenoate γ‐substituent.

The high burden of malaria and HIV/AIDS prevents economic and social progress in developing countries. A continuing need exists for development of novel drugs and treatment regimens for both diseases in order to address the tolerability and long-term safety concerns associated with current treatment options and the emergence of drug resistance. We describe new spiro-β-lactam derivatives with potent (nM) activity against HIV and Plasmodium and no activity against bacteria and yeast. The best performing molecule of the series, BSS-730A, inhibited both HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication with an IC50 of 13 ± 9.59 nM and P. berghei hepatic infection with an IC50 of 0.55 ± 0.14 μM with a clear impact on parasite development. BSS-730A was also active against the erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum, with an estimated IC50 of 0.43 ± 0.04 μM. Time-of-addition studies showed that BSS-730A potentially affects all stages of the HIV replicative cycle, suggesting a complex mechanism of action. BSS-730A was active against multidrug-resistant HIV isolates, with a median 2.4-fold higher IC50 relative to control isolates. BSS-730A was equally active against R5 and X4 HIV isolates and displayed strong synergism with the entry inhibitor AMD3100. BSS-730A is a promising candidate for development as a potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic agent against HIV and Plasmodium.

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RESUMOMentir é um ato cotidiano de interação social. As pessoas mentem por todos os tipos de razões, e diferentes emoções são experimentadas nessas situações. Como parte integrante da cultura, a mentira tem recebido grande atenção de pesquisadores nas últimas décadas. No Brasil, esse novo campo de pesquisa tem atraído interesse nos últimos anos. Este estudo foi criado para construir e validar uma medida da ansiedade relacionada ao ato de mentir. Os 44 itens elaborados para representar o constructo foram aplicados a uma amostra de 452 indivíduos. Os dados foram submetidos a análise fatorial exploratória e dois fatores foram obtidos com valores próprios maiores de 1,0. Fator 1: compromissos e negócios (10 itens, α=0,81); fator 2: relacionamentos (10 itens, α=0,82). O instrumento resultante deste estudo para medir esse tipo de ansiedade abre caminhos para possíveis futuras pesquisas nacionais. Palavras-chave: mentira; ansiedade; validade. ABSTRACT -Validity evidence of a scale of anxiety in lying situationsLying is an everyday act of social interaction. People lie for all sorts of reasons, and different emotions are experimented in these situations. As an integral part of the culture, lying has received a great deal of attention by researchers in the last decades. In Brazil, this new field of research has attracted interest in recent years. This study was set up to construct and validate a measure of the anxiety related to the act of lying. The 44 items elaborated to represent the construct were applied to a sample of 452 individuals. Data were submitted to exploratory factorial analysis and two factors were taken with eigenvalues over 1,0. Factor 1 covered appointments and business (10 items, α=0.81); factor 2 covered relationships (10 items, α=0.82) The method for measuring this kind of anxiety resulting from this study opens possibilities for future national research. Keywords: lying; anxiety; validity. RESUMEN -Evidencias de validez de una escala para ansiedad en situaciones de mentirasMentir es un acto cotidiano de la interacción social. La gente miente por todo tipo de razones y emociones diferentes que se experimentan en estas situaciones. Como parte integral de la cultura, la mentira ha recibido gran atención por parte de los investigadores durante las últimas décadas. En Brasil, este nuevo campo de pesquisa ha despertado el interés en los últimos años. Este estudio se creó para construir y validar una medida de la ansiedad relacionada con el acto de mentir. Los 44 ítems elaborados para representar el constructo se aplicaron a una muestra de 452 personas. Se presentaron datos para un análisis exploratorio factorial y dos factores fueron obtenidos con valores propios mayores que 1,0. El factor 1 cubrió citas y negocios (10 ítems, α=0,81) y el factor 2 cubrió relacionamientos (10 ítems, α=0,82). El método resultante de eso estudio para medir este tipo de ansiedad abre posibilidades para futuras investigaciones nacionales.

The reactivity of allenic esters towards an activated N-sulfonylimine and electron-deficient alkenes with a phosphine under microwave irradiation is explored. The methodology is shown to be efficient for the one-step synthesis of 3-pyrrolines and cyclopentenes in a regio-and diastereoselective manner. This formal [3+2] cycloaddition is complete within five minutes. It was also demonstrated that microwave irradiation is the best energy source to carry out the Lewis acid catalyzed allenoate-Claisen rearrangement leading to 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hepta-2,6-dienoates.