Macroalgae belong to a diverse group of organisms that could be exploited for biomolecule application. Among the biocompounds found in this group, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are highlighted mainly due to their photoprotection, antioxidant properties, and high photo and thermo-stability, which are attractive characteristics for the development of cosmeceutical products. Therefore, here we revise published data about MAAs, including their biosynthesis, biomass production, extraction, characterization, identification, purification, and bioactivities. MAAs can be found in many algae species, but the highest concentrations are found in red macroalgae, mainly in the order Bangiales, as Porphyra spp. In addition to the species, the content of MAAs can vary depending on environmental factors, of which solar radiation and nitrogen availability are the most influential. MAAs can confer photoprotection due to their capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation or reduce the impact of free radicals on cells, among other properties. To extract these compounds, different approaches can be used. The efficiency of these methods can be evaluated with characterization and identification using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), associated with other apparatus such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Therefore, the data presented in this review allow a broad comprehension of MAAs and show perspectives for their inclusion in cosmeceutical products.

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It has been estimated that more than 70% of all drugs approved worldwide between 1981 and 2006 for human health are derived from or structurally similar to natural compounds. The identification of biological matrices containing bioactive compounds with therapeutic and nutraceutical potential is necessary to supply the global market demands. Researches have indicated that the consumption of dry and aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.‐Hil. is safe, providing that plant biomass does not be exposed to smoke over the drying process, avoiding contamination (e.g., ) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, and can might help avoiding many diseases, with important potential applications in the pharma and nutraceutical industries. A survey was carried out covering the main therapeutic and nutraceutical studies performed on I. paraguariensis extracts and their relationship with the global patents granted in the last 20 years for the products using this specie in their composition. In the PubMed database, by searching for the term “Ilex paraguariensis,” an output with 497 scientific publications was found. Each paper was analyzed individually and 26 publications encompassing exclusively therapeutical and nutraceutical approaches of that plant species were selected. For the patent screening regarding Ilex‐derived products, the survey considered three patent databases: European Patent Office (EPO) (Espacenet), World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO), and National Institute of Industrial Property (NIIP—Brazil). The criterion chosen to select the patents in the databases was the inclusion of the terms “Ilex paraguariensis” and “yerba mate” in the title and/or in the abstract, considering the patents issued from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, only patents with therapeutic and nutraceutical potential were considered on the survey. The screening and selection of the documents were performed independently by two researchers and the information cross‐checked at the end. This review contributes to show the state of the art over the last 20 years on the knowledge about the therapeutical and nutraceutical usages of the yerba mate, associated to a certain number of issued patents. The patent survey afforded 62 relevant documents covering products based on Ilex paraguariensis biomass. Considering the number of patents issued, most of them are related to the pharmaceutical area (30), followed by food supplements and beverages (17), cosmetics (10) and, finally, nutraceuticals (5). A detailed analysis of the patents issued showed that most are related to pharmaceutical grade products, generally, marketed as oral and injectable compositions for treatments of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipemia and diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, neurological diseases, and SARS‐Cov‐2, for example. In this work, a curious fact is that there are few patents for food, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals products containing yerba mate. Therefore, it seems to be relevant to take into account the potential of that species as sou...

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Introdução: O Brasil possui taxa de cesariana de aproximadamente 50%, enquanto a Organização Mundial de Saúde considera taxas acima de 15% difíceis de serem justificadas do ponto de vista médico. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência, indicações e determinantes da cesariana em instituição do município de Vespasiano. Métodos: Estudo transversal de análise de dados dos prontuários de hospital de Vespasiano, cidade da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, no período de agosto de 2012 a outubro de 2013. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 82 parturientes utilizando as variáveis propostas e comparando os dados de mulheres que realizaram parto vaginal com as que realizaram cesariana. A prevalência das cesarianas foi 63,41% e suas principais indicações foram a desproporção céfalo-pélvica (42,31%), iterativa 1 (17,31%) e o pós-datismo (17,31%). A classificação de Robson foi adotada para avaliação da taxa de cesárea, sendo que o grupo 2 (nulíparas, feto único cefálico, termo, com parto induzido ou cesariana sem trabalho de parto) foi o maior contribuinte para essa taxa, correspondendo a 26,83% das cesarianas. Comparativamente ao parto vaginal, os determinantes para a cesariana foram a presença de cesarianas anteriores (p=0,04), ausência de trabalho de parto (p=0,000) e bolsa amniótica íntegra (p=0,002) à admissão. Conclusão: A prevalência de cesariana na instituição avaliada foi superior a quatro vezes o recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Significativa proporção de cesarianas poderia ter sido evitada se as recomendações validadas pela literatura fossem aplicadas na condução do parto.

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