Introduction:
Angiotensin II promotes inflammation, oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activation leading to vascular remodeling in hypertension. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a non-selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterases that has also shown antiinflamatory and antioxidant effects. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether PTX treatment decreases morphological and functional vascular alterations in 2-kidney and 1-Clip (2K1C) rats through reduction of cytokines, oxidative stress and MMP-2 activity.
Methods:
Male 2K1C and Sham rats were treated with Vehicle or PTX. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly. Aortic rings were isolated to assess endothelium-dependent relaxations. The vascular hypertrohy were examined in the aorta sections stained with hematoxylin/eosin. Aortic MMP-2 levels and gelatinolytic activity were determined using gelatin and
in situ
zymography assays, respectively. Vascular oxidative stress was evaluated using dihydroethidium (DHE). Cytokines levels were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results:
2K1C rats exhibited high SBP (195±4 mmHg vs Sham 123±2 mmHg ) and significant vascular hypertrophy when compared to Sham group (0.7±0.03 mm
2
vs
0.5±0.02 mm
2
; p<0.05), which were attenuated with PTX treatment (174±4 mmHg and 0.6±0.02 mm
2
;p<0.05). PTX treatment also ameliorated the endothelial dysfunction in aortas from 2K1C rats (from 78±5% to 98±6%; p<0.05). MMP-2 levels and activity were augmented in 2K1C rats when compared to sham group (p<0.05). The treatment with PTX reduced MMP-2 upregulation in 2K1C rats (p<0.05). Overproduction of ROS in aortas from 2K1C rats (136±1.8%) was reduced with PTX treatment (21±8%; p<0.05). Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta levels in 2K1C rats was diminished with PTX treatment (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
PTX ameliorates 2K1C-induced hypertension, vascular morphometric and functional alterations, oxidative stress, elevated MMP-2 activity and cytokines levels. PTX exerted antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, and decreased renovascular hypertension-induced MMP-2 up-regulation, leading to improvement of vascular dysfunction and remodelling typically found in 2K1C hypertension.
Acute suppurative thyroiditis is a rare disorder, most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, in adults, the hematogenous spread from an infectious focus in the oropharynx or respiratory tract. The initial signs and symptoms of acute thyroiditis are similar to those of acute pharyngitis and subacute thyroiditis, thus delaying the diagnosis of this disease and increasing the risk of complications. In this case, a case of a 48-year-old female patient, DM2, is presented, presenting hemodynamic decompensation and an infectious thyroid finding, presenting alterations in ultrasound images and culture finding, by puncture, by a very rare agent: Streptococcus gordoni.
RESUMOObjetivo: analisar a relação entre a epilepsia e a depressão, identificando a influência de aspectos fisiopatológicos, psicossociais e terapêuticos. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão literária, por meio de consulta a livros e periódicos presentes na Biblioteca do Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas e a artigos científicos selecionados através de busca em bancos de dados no período de maio de 2019 a julho de 2020. As seguintes bases de dados sistemáticas foram utilizadas nas buscas: Scientific Electronic Library Online -SciELO, US National Library of Medicine Nacional Institutes of Health (PubMed) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Discussão/Conclusão: O estudo permitiu concluir que a epilepsia e a depressão são doenças que compartilham muitos mecanismos patogênicos em comum, o que explica a alta prevalência de indivíduos apresentando ambas as condições concomitantemente. Diante disso, esse problema não deve ser negligenciado e requer a atenção dos profissionais de saúde, para que seja realizado o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado, a fim de prevenir complicações futuras.
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