Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein (HTT). This expansion leads to the formation of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) that is expressed in many body tissue cells. The mHTT interacts with several molecular pathways within different cell types, affecting the regulation of the immune system cells. It is still very limited the understanding of the immune changes in peripheral tissues in HD. Herein, we investigated the levels of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in peripheral organs (i.e. kidney, heart, liver and spleen) of the 12-month-old BACHD model of HD. This robust murine model closely resembles the human disease. We found significant changes in cytokine levels in all organs analyzed. Increased levels of IL-6 were found in the kidney, while levels of IL-6 and IL-12p70 were increased in the heart of BACHD mice in comparison with wild-type (WT) animals. In the liver, we observed enhanced IL-12p70 and TNF-α levels. In the spleen, there was an increase in the levels of IL-4 and a decrease in the levels of IL-5 and IL-6 in BACHD compared to WT. Our findings provide the first evidence that the BACHD model also exhibits immune changes in peripheral organs, opening an avenue for the investigation of the potential role played by peripheral inflammatory response in HD. Further studies are needed to systematically address the mechanisms and pathways underlying immune signaling in peripheral organs in HD.
Objetivo: investigar os sintomas climatéricos psicológicos em mulheres cardiopatas. Método: estudo quantitativo, realizado em Hospital Universitário no Nordeste do Brasil, no período de outubro de 2016 a janeiro de 2017. Foram entrevistadas individualmente 221 mulheres climatéricas cardiopatas atendidas no Ambulatório de Cardiologia. Foram realizadas análises da estatística descritiva, de associação com o teste não paramétrico de Qui-quadrado de independência (c2) e teste de Correlação de Spearman, com o auxílio do programa SPSS Statistics 20. Resultados: houve predomínio de sintomas climatéricos muito intensos como a angústia/ansiedade, 75 (33,9%); esgotamento físico e mental, 61 (27,6%); estado de ânimo depressivo, 54 (24,4%); nervosismo, 59 (26,7%); e insônia, 45 (20,4%). Houve associação significativa nos sintomas climatéricos psicológicos entre si e entre os sintomas psicológicos e a depressão. Conclusão: os sintomas climatéricos psicológicos parecem tornar as mulheres mais propensas a transtornos emocionais, agravada pela existência de uma doença crônica como a cardiopatia.
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