The polyploid nature of canola (Brassica napus) represents a challenge for the accurate identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL). In this study, combinations of eight phenotyping scoring systems and six SNP calling and filtering parameters were evaluated for their efficiency in detection of QTL associated with response to Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, in two doubled haploid (DH) canola mapping populations. Most QTL were detected in lesion length, relative areas under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC) for lesion length, and binomial-plant mortality data sets. Binomial data derived from lesion size were less efficient in QTL detection. Inclusion of additional phenotypic sets to the analysis increased the numbers of significant QTL by 2.3-fold; however, the continuous data sets were more efficient. Between two filtering parameters used to analyze genotyping by sequencing (GBS) data, imputation of missing data increased QTL detection in one population with a high level of missing data but not in the other. Inclusion of segregation-distorted SNPs increased QTL detection but did not impact their R2 values significantly. Twelve of the 16 detected QTL were on chromosomes A02 and C01, and the rest were on A07, A09, and C03. Marker A02-7594120, associated with a QTL on chromosome A02 was detected in both populations. Results of this study suggest the impact of genotypic variant calling and filtering parameters may be population dependent while deriving additional phenotyping scoring systems such as rAUDPC datasets and mortality binary may improve QTL detection efficiency.
La inducción de resistencia (IR) en plantas por productos naturales ha sido objeto de varios estudios, siendo estas activadas por moléculas elicitoras de origen biótica o abiótica. Los elicitores activan mecanismos de resistencia como las proteínas relacionadas a patogénesis (PRP’s), que actúan en la protección de plantas impidiendo el desarrollo del patógeno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo verificar la activación de PRP’s (peroxidasa, catalasa, polifenoloxidasa e βglucanasa) en plantas de maíz pira (Zea mays) tratadas con diferentes concentraciones (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 3% y 5%) del biofertilizante comercial Microgeo®. Analizando las enzimas PRP’s se observó que el Microgeo® activó e incrementó la actividad de estas enzimas y que está inducción está más relacionada al tiempo de activación, pero no a la concentración utilizada.
The adoption of different fertilizer application methods should consider the operational, agronomic and economic aspects. The objective of this work was to study the fertilization response with potassium in the soybean crop at different times of application and different potassium sources in an Eutroferric Red Latosol. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Formosa do Oeste-PR. The design was in a randomized block in a factorial scheme (2 × 5) +1, with 2 potassium sources: normal KCl (KCl) and polymer-coated KCl (KCl-polymer), the KCl doses were adjusted to 40 kg ha -1 of K2O, the second factor refers to the splitting of K2O dose in five application times: T1, application of K2O was nine days before sowing, T2 application split up being ½ of the dose nine days before sowing + ½ of the dose of K2O at sowing, T3 application of the total dose of K2O at sowing, T4 ½ of the dose at sowing + ½ at the V3 phenological stage of the crop, T5 application of K2O was total at the V3 stage of the crop. And an additional witness, without K2O application. KCl-polymer was more efficient for application to the haul before sowing the crop. The fertilization with KCl was better when applied at the V3 stage of the crop. Fertilization with KCl-polymer resulted in higher K content in the leaf, higher efficiency of fertilizer use reflecting in higher productivity.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the main Brazilian agricultural crop. It is affected by numerous diseases during its life cycle; one of these includes the white mold caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The objective of this study was to verify the control of white mold in bean plants by homeopathic medicines. Two tests were performed: In the first test, the medicine Calcarea carbonica was used, while phosphorus was used in the second test. Both medicines were administered at dynamizations of 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 CH (Hahnemanniana Centesimal). In the control treatment, 30% hydroalcoholic solution was used. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design, analyzing the following variables: Area under the disease progress curve and percentage of dead plants. The results were submitted to Tukey's test and regression analysis (p > 0.05). Calcarea carbonica at 6 CH and Phosphorus at 6 CH, 12 CH, 24 CH, 36 CH, and 48 CH reduced the intensity of white mold in bean plants. With the exception of Calcarea carbonica at 12 CH and 24 CH, no other medicine reduced the percentage of plant death due to white mold disease.
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