A novel membrane emulsification (ME) system is reported consisting of a tubular metal membrane, periodically azimuthally (tangentially) oscillated with frequencies up to 50 Hz and 7 mm displacement in a gently cross flowing continuous phase. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis showed consistent axial shear at the membrane surface, which became negligible at distances from the membrane surface greater than 0.5 mm. For comparison, CFD analysis of a fully rotating ME system showed local vortices in the continuous phase leading to a variable shear along the axis of the membrane. Using an azimuthally oscillating membrane, oil‐in‐water emulsions were experimentally produced with a median diameter of 20–120 μm, and a coefficient of variation of droplet size of 8%. The drop size was correlated with shear stress at the membrane surface using a force balance. In a single pass of continuous phase, it was possible to achieve high dispersed phase concentrations of 40% v/v. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3607–3615, 2015
Membrane emulsification has the potential to revolutionize the energy-efficient production of uniform emulsions and dispersions, relevant to diverse fields from pharmaceutical active ingredient controlled release particles to Fast Moving Consumer Goods. A novel highly robust single-pass continuous phase crossflow system has been developed providing dispersed phase concentrations up to 40% vol/vol and dispersed phase fluxes up to 5,730 L m −2 hr −1 , from a single 100 mm long membrane tube. Extensive results of two oil-in-water systems (vegetable oil and PolyCaproLactone dissolved in DiC-hloroMethane) and one water-in-oil system (sodium silicate solution) are reported, using hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes respectively. Mathematical models are validated enabling comprehensive engineering analysis of processes including predicted droplet size, membrane pressure drops, and energy requirement for dispersion production. Surfactant depletion, pore utilization, and droplet interaction at the membrane surface were investigated to provide a comprehensive analysis of the capabilities of novel annular-flow membrane emulsification for high throughput emulsion generation. K E Y W O R D S concentrated emulsion, energy-efficient emulsification, high throughput, modeling, surfactant positioning
The gas chromatographic method of high-temperature simulated distillation (HTSD) is described, and the results are presented for the application of HTSD to the characterization of petroleum refinery feed and products from solvent deasphalting operations. Results are presented for refinery residual feed, deasphalted oil, and asphaltene fractions from the residual oil supercritical extraction process. Asphaltene removal from petroleum residuum using solvent deasphalting results in the improved quality and high recovery of deasphalted oil product for use as lube oil, fluid catalytic cracking, or hydrocracker feedstocks. The HTSD procedure presented here proves valuable for characterizing the fractions from the deasphalting process to obtain the percentage yield with boiling point data over the range from approximately 36 degrees C (97 degrees F) to 733 degrees C (1352 degrees F), which covers the boiling range of n-paraffins of carbon number C5 to C108.
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