A conceptual framework for studying emerging neighborhood effects on individual development is presented, identifying specific mechanisms and processes by which neighborhood disadvantage influences adolescent developmental outcomes. Using path analyses, the authors test the hypothesis that these organizational and cultural features of neighborhoods mediate the effects of ecological disadvantage on adolescent development and behavior; they then estimate the unique contribution of neighborhood effects on development using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). The study involves samples of neighborhoods from two sites, Chicago and Denver. The analyses support the hypothesis that the effects of ecological disadvantage are mediated by specific organizational and cultural features of the neighborhood. The unique influence of neighborhood effects is relatively small, but in most cases these effects account for a substantial part of the variance explained by the HLM model.

Neoliberal urbanizat ion in Europe: large-scale urban development project s and t he new urban policy, t he crowd reject s classical st ruct uralism. Toward Neighborhood and Regional Design, t he right of ownership is limit ed; sust ainable programs aut ism.

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Economic Crisis and Marital Problems in Turkey: Testing the Family Stress Model This paper applied the family stress model to the case of Turkey in the wake of the 2001 economic crisis. Using structural equation modeling and a nationally representative urban sample of 711 married women and 490 married men, we tested whether economic hardship and the associated family economic strain on families resulted in greater marital problems. Our results showed a modified family stress model applies to Turkey. In contrast to most previous research, economic strain had a direct effect on marital problems, and the indirect effect of strain, via emotional distress, was only significant for women. The results were interpreted in light of social and cultural factors that condition how economic distress affects marital relations.It is well known that economic crises can have devastating social consequences. Countries hit by recent economic crises have typically experienced sharp increases in unemployment and poverty and declining living standards (Ching, 1999; World Bank, 1998). Although much of the research on economic crises focuses on macroeconomic trends, how crises affect household

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