Our results suggest that basal-like cells, expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor, constitute the proliferating cell population in cystic fibrosis airways.

management activities on fish and fish habitat. This requires an understanding of the conditions, processes, and interactions between the human, aquatic, riparian, and terrestrial features at multiple landscape scales. Data characterizing fish and fish habitat are required to complete these evaluations. Such data must be standard to compare and contrast across the landscape from fine to broad scale.This handbook describes the standard inventory procedures for collecting fish habitat and salmonid fish species data for streams managed by the Northern Region (R1) and Intermountain Region (R4) of the Forest Service. The inventory defines the structure (pool/riffle, forming features), pattern (sequence and spacing) and dimensions (length, width, depth, area, volume, and so forth) of fish habitat; describes species composition, distribution, and relative abundance of salmonid species; and facilitates the calculation of summary statistics for habitat descriptors.A standard core-set of fish habitat variables and their measurement protocols helps the user observe and contrast fish population and habitat status and condition across multiple landscape scales. The successful implementation of site-specific projects, watershed analyses, and PACFISH standards and guidelines require standard data elements for extrapolation and monitoring and must fall within the constraints of personnel and budgets. Moreover, a standarized data collection system is the only affordable (time and funds) approach for applying research and decision support tools and transferring information across broad geographical areas and to a diverse group of resource specialists and managers.

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The BD prototype sensor demonstrated competitive accuracy relative to a GOx-based sensor and a YSI blood standard with a single calibration and minimal warm-up. Current development work is focused on the design and manufacture of a commercially feasible device that will include marked enhancements to device robustness and longevity.

Background: Limited published data exists quantifying the influence of human factors (HF) and pen needle (PN) design on delivery outcomes of pen injection systems. This preclinical in vivo study examines the impact of PN hub design and applied force against the skin during injection on needle penetration depth (NPD). Method: To precisely locate injection depth, PN injections (20 µl; 2 IU, U-100 volume equivalent) of iodinated contrast agent were administered to the flank of Yorkshire swine across a range of clinically relevant application forces against the skin (0.25, 0.75, 1.25, and 2.0 lbf). The NPD, representing in vivo needle tip depth in SC tissue, from four 32 G × 4 mm PN devices (BD Nano™ 2nd Gen and three commercial posted-hub PN devices; n = 75/device/force, 1200 total) was measured by fluoroscopic imaging of the resulting depot. Results: The reengineered hub design more closely achieved the 4 mm target NPD with significantly less variability (P = .006) than commercial posted-hub PN devices across the range of applied injection forces. Calculations of IM (intramuscular) injection risk completed through in silico probability model, using NPD and average human tissue thickness measurements, displayed a commensurate reduction (~2-8x) compared to conventional PN hub designs. Conclusions: Quantifiable differences in injection depth were observed between identical labeled length PN devices indicating that hub design features, coupled with aspects of variable injection technique, may influence injection depth accuracy and consistency. The reengineered hub design may reduce the impact of unintended individual technique differences by improving target injection depth consistency and reducing IM injection potential.

Responses of Schlemm's Canal cells to pressure and calcium chelators in vitro are consistent with a role for calcium sensitive junctions in outflow resistance in vivo.