In the post-GWAS era, great interest has arisen in the mapping of epigenetic inter-individual variation towards investigating the emergence of phenotype in health and disease. Relevant DNA methylation methodologies – epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), methylation quantitative traitloci(mQTL) mapping and allele-specific methylation (ASM) analysis – can each map certain sources of epigenetic variation and all depend on matching phenotypic/genotypic data. Here, to avoid these requirements, we developed Binokulars, a novel randomization test that identifies signatures of joint CpG regulation from reads spanning multiple CpGs. We tested and benchmarked our novel approach against EWAS and ASM on pooled whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data from whole blood, sperm and combined. As a result, Binokulars simultaneously discovered regions associated with imprinting, cell type- and tissue-specific regulation, mQTL, ageing and other (still unknown) epigenetic processes. To verify examples of mQTL and polymorphic imprinting, we developed JRC_sorter, another novel tool that classifies regions based on epigenotype models, which we deployed on non-pooled WGBS data from cord blood. In the future, this approach can be applied on larger pools to simultaneously map and characterise inter-haplotype, inter-cell and inter-individual variation in DNA methylation in a cost-effective fashion, a relevant pursuit towards phenome-mapping in the post-GWAS era.
This paper details the modeling of a propeller-powered hover board and provides an investigation into how the pitch and diameter of the propellers impacts the efficiency of the device. Hover boards are a potentially valuable technology, and the most accessible means of producing lift on hover boards is with propellers. It is important to understand how the pitch and diameter of a propeller impact the amount of weight a hover board can lift, but due to the overwhelming range of propellers that exist, it is difficult to choose the most efficient variation. Thus, we determine a propeller's maximum upward force at a given current and the effect of pitch and diameter on its performance to ultimately forward the development of this technology. A testing apparatus was constructed to investigate each propeller and measure both the maximum mass the propeller could lift, as well as the current that was drawn at this maximum point. Our results found that the propellers with a greater pitch were more efficient when their diameter was greater and the propellers with a smaller pitch were more efficient when their diameter was smaller. Through extrapolating using the trend line, it is possible to calculate how many 3.8-pitch or 6-pitch propellers of any diameter would be needed to lift a human being. Through these equations, if the diameter of a 3.8-inch pitch or 6-inch pitch propeller is known, then the maximum lift and the current drawn to achieve said lift can be found. Future investigation into these trends over a greater range of propeller diameters and pitches is recommended in order to gather more conclusive results.Cet article discute de la modélisation d'un aéroglisseur propulsé par une hélice, et fournit une enquête de l'effet du pas et du diamètre des hélices sur l'efficacité de l'appareil. Les aéroglisseurs sont une technologie potentiellement valable, et la façon la plus accessible à produire de la portance sur les aéroglisseurs est l'utilisation d'hélices. Il est important de comprendre l'impact du pas et du diamètre sur la quantité de poids que l'aéroglisseur peut soulever, mais à cause de la gamme écrasante d'hélices qui existe, il est difficile de choisir la variation la plus efficace. Donc, une expérience fut créée pour déterminer la portance maximale d'une hélice avec un certain courant et l'effet du pas et du diamètre sur sa performance, menant en fin de compte au progrès dans le développement de cette technologie. Un model d'expérimentation a été construit pour évaluer chaque hélice et mesurer le poids maximale qu'il peut supporter, ainsi que le courant maximale à ce point. Nos résultats montrent que les hélices avec un pas plus grand étaient plus efficaces lorsque leur diamètre était plus grand, alors que les hélices avec un pas plus petit étaient plus efficaces lorsque leur diamètre était plus petit. En extrapolant les données en utilisant la ligne de tendance, il est possible de déterminer combien d'hélices d'un pas de 3,8 pouces ou de 6 pouces, de n'importe quel diamètre, seraient requises pour...
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