Photosynthetic organisms respond to changes in the external environment, including responses to changes in light color, intensity and nutrient availability. Iron is one of the nutrients that is critical for the function of photosynthetic organisms, primarily due to the high demand for iron in the photosynthetic photosystems, electron transport chains of plastids and mitochondria, and the structural and functional roles for iron in many critical proteins. Given the connection between iron demands and light-dependent processes such as photosynthesis, as well as the interplay between light and iron, there is a need for finely tuned co-regulation of light and iron acclimation responses to optimize photosynthesis and minimize potential dangerous interactions between iron and light. Such regulation is critical for balancing light and nutrient availability in the coordination of light-dependent aspects of organismal fitness. To accomplish this regulation, there is molecular crosstalk and/or common effectors in light signaling and iron acclimation control. We explore known paradigms that are central to light-iron interactions and the associated regulation of fitness in photosynthetic organisms.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) are two rapid isothermal amplification methods for detecting three common fungal root pathogens of cool-season turfgrass: Gaeumannomyces avenae, Magnaporthiopsis poae and Ophiosphaerella korrae, “Detection of root-infecting fungi on cool-season turfgrasses using loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification” (Karakkat et al., 2018) [1]. The data provided here describe the information for designing primers and probes for LAMP and RPA, how specific they are for each of the three fungi, and the evaluation of RPA on field samples.
Crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata) and stem rust (caused by P. graminis) are two common and destructive diseases of turfgrass in the United States. Crown rust has been associated with perennial ryegrass and stem rust with Kentucky bluegrass when identified based solely on fungal morphology. However, recent studies using molecular identification methods have indicated the host–pathogen relationship of rusts on turf to be more complex. Our primary objective was to quickly and accurately identify P. coronata and P. graminis in symptomatic turfgrass leaves over 3 years on turfgrass samples from across the Midwestern United States. Between 2013 and 2015, 413 samples of symptomatic cool-season turfgrass from Wisconsin and surrounding states were screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of these samples, 396 were Kentucky bluegrass and 17% of them contained P. coronata, 69% contained P. graminis, and 13% contained both P. coronata and P. graminis. In addition, both year and location effects were observed on the distribution of Puccinia spp. collected annually from two locations in southern Wisconsin. This research supports previous conclusions that have identified variability among P. graminis and P. coronata host relationships on turfgrass, and further demonstrates that rust fungal populations on Kentucky bluegrass may not be consistent between locations in the same year or over multiple years at the same location. The increasing evidence of variation in the turfgrass rust populations will likely affect future rust management and turfgrass breeding efforts.
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