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Melanins are a group of dark insoluble pigments found widespread in nature. In mammals, the brown-black eumelanins and the reddish-yellow pheomelanins are the main determinants of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation and play a significant role in photoprotection as well as in many biological functions ensuring homeostasis. Due to their broad-spectrum light absorption, radical scavenging, electric conductivity, and paramagnetic behavior, eumelanins are widely studied in the biomedical field. The continuing advancements in the development of biomimetic design strategies offer novel opportunities toward specifically engineered multifunctional biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Melanin and melanin-like coatings have been shown to increase cell attachment and proliferation on different substrates and to promote and ameliorate skin, bone, and nerve defect healing in several in vivo models. Herein, the state of the art and future perspectives of melanins as promising bioinspired platforms for natural regeneration processes are highlighted and discussed.

A combination of biomedical and technological applications is generating, over the past decades, the well-established interest toward melanins and melanogenesis. Several compounds have been explored to promote/catalyze oxidative polymerization of melanogenic precursors, such as 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), to melanin-like biopolymers in vitro. TiO2 has shown a photocatalytic activity driving DHICA polymerization and leading to the formation of melanin–TiO2 hybrid nanostructures with unique biocide behavior even under visible light. However, the mechanism of melanin formation in those hybrids is not yet well understood although a ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) process involving DHICA and Ti4+ ions was hypothesized. Here, we focus on melanin formation and apply a complementary analysis, by using photoluminescence (PL), UV–vis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to reveal the mechanism of DHICA polymerization in the presence of a TiO2-sol. This study discloses TiO2 potentialities to drive and template DHICA polymerization to melanin via LMCT-based photo-oxidative process.

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Abstract:In this paper, for the first time, inexpensive waterglass solutions are exploited as a new, simple and ecofriendly chemical approach for promoting the formation of a silica-based coating on hemp fabrics, able to act as a thermal shield and to protect the latter from heat sources. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis confirm the formation of -C-O-Si-covalent bonds between the coating and the cellulosic substrate. The proposed waterglass treatment, which is resistant to washing, seems to be very effective for improving the fire behavior of hemp fabric/epoxy composites, also in combination with ammonium polyphosphate. In particular, the exploitation of hemp surface treatment and Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) addition to epoxy favors a remarkable decrease of the Heat Release Rate (HRR), Total Heat Release (THR), Total Smoke Release (TSR) and Specific Extinction Area (SEA) (respectively by 83%, 35%, 45% and 44%) as compared to untreated hemp/epoxy composites, favoring the formation of a very stable char, as also assessed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Because of the low interfacial adhesion between the fabrics and the epoxy matrix, the obtained composites show low strength and stiffness; however, the energy absorbed by the material is higher when using treated hemp. The presence of APP in the epoxy matrix does not affect the mechanical behavior of the composites.

Different spectroscopic techniques have been applied to fluorine doped ZnO powders prepared through hydrothermal synthesis, to discern the effective capability of F atoms to improve ZnO conductivity. From XRD analysis, no lattice distortion was observed up to F doping at 5 at. % concentration. Photoluminescence measurements and electron paramagnetic resonance data show that F atoms tend to occupy oxygen vacancies, inducing the onset of luminescence centers. The resulting doping effect consists into the increment of localized charge, as also proved via THz spectroscopy, where the Drude–Smith model has been applied to extract quantitative information on the electrodynamic parameters of ZnO:F samples. Results show that F doping does not produce any substantial change of plasma frequency but only the enhancement of scattering rate due to an increase of grain boundary density. Our measurements are in agreement with theoretical calculations asserting that the energy required to excite donor levels is on the order of 0.7 eV, and therefore, the doping mechanism is ineffective at room temperature.

Organic materials are widely employed to tune surface chemistry and/or as structuring agents of inorganic materials.

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