Trapped atoms near nanophotonics form an exciting platform for bottom-up synthesis of strongly interacting quantum matter. The ability to induce tunable long-range atom-atom interactions with photons presents an opportunity to explore many-body physics and quantum optics. Here we implement a configurable optical tweezer array over a planar photonic circuit tailored for cold atom integration and control for trapping and high-fidelity imaging of one or more atoms in an array directly on a photonic structure. Using an optical conveyor belt formed by a moving optical lattice within a tweezer potential, we show that single atoms can be transported from a reservoir into close proximity of a photonic interface, potentially allowing for the synthesis of a defect-free atom-nanophotonic hybrid lattice. Our experimental platform can be integrated with generic planar photonic waveguides and resonators, promising a pathway towards on-chip many-body quantum optics and applications in quantum technology.
We describe the design and fabrication of a scalable atom-light photonic interface based on a silicon nitride microring resonator on a transparent silicon dioxide-nitride multi-layer membrane. This new photonic platform is fully compatible with freespace cold atom laser cooling, stable trapping, and sorting at around 100 nm from the microring surface, permitting the formation of an organized, strongly interacting atom-photonic hybrid lattice. We demonstrate small radius (R ∼16µm) microring and racetrack resonators with a high quality factor Q = 3.2 × 10 5 , projecting a single atom cooperativity parameter of C = 25 and a vacuum Rabi frequency of 2g = 2π × 340 MHz for trapped cesium atoms interacting with a microring resonator mode. We show that the quality factor is currently limited by the surface roughness of the multi-layer membrane, grown using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) processes. We discuss possible further improvements to a quality factor above Q > 5 × 10 6 , potentially achieving single atom cooperativity parameter of C > 500 for strong single atom-photon coupling. †
A simple photometric detector is described which, because of the high stability of the light source, permits determinations of metal ions at the parts per 1 O9 level with 4-(2-pyridy1azo)resorcinol as the spectrophotometric reagent. By virtue of the design of the transducer it also functions as a refractometer capable of determinations of solutions of organic and inorganic compounds down to a lower limit of approximately 0.01% nz/m. The theory of this function is discussed.is. gallium phosphide light-emitting diode and a silicon phototransistor act as light source and sensor, respectively. The output current from the phototransistor is converted into voltage by the current t o voltage converter described.The transducer is designed as a flow-through cell which, when used in conjunction with standard unsegmented continuous-flow apparatus, is capable of sampling rates of up to 300 per hour with a relative standard deviation of the result of 1.5%. A t slower flow-rates, with a sampling rate of 160 per hour, the relative standard deviation is less than 1 yo.Keywords : Flow injection analysis ; $ow cell ; photometric detector; refractometry ; light-emitting diodephotodiode Unsegmented continuous-flow analysis or flow injection analysis has been developed during the last 4 years as an automatic method of analysis that is simple, accurate and rapid, typical sampling rates being 120 per hour.In all such systems a stream of reagent or other carrier flows through a small-bore tube, the flow-rate being maintained by a constant-pressure or a constant-volume pump. At a point along the length of the tube an injection mechanism allows the sample to be injected into the stream and as the sample bolus passes down the tube it may react with reagent in the stream or undergo other reactions with the stream solution. Situated downstream from the injection point is a sensor, which measures the extent of these reactions. The detectors described in previous reports have been spectrophot~metric~-~ or potenti~metric.l-~~* If the unsegmented flow system is to be used for routine analyses on a specific chemical system in the way in which automatic methods are generally applied, then wavelength variability and many component parts of the spectrophotometer become superfluous. The apparatus in these circumstances is overdeveloped and the function of the machine no longer justifies its cost. The aim of this work was to provide a simplified photometric detector that can be connected into the system by push-fitting flow tubes and that increases significantly the over-all sensitivity of the method.In this paper such a detector is described. While it is simple, small and inexpensive, it allows sampling rates of up to 300 per hour and is capable of a lower detection limit of less than lOV9g of ions in solution. The light components are extremely cheap and robust and
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