Objectives This study evaluates the Danish national Job & Body campaign on beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work.Methods Initiated in 2011, a national campaign in Denmark targeted public-sector employees with a mixture of networking activities, workplace visits, and a mass media outreach with topics related to job and body (eg, musculoskeletal pain, movement and work) and creating balance between demands at work and physical capacity. At baseline (2011) and at four time points until the end of 2014, random cross-sectional samples of ≥1000 representative public-sector employees (total N=5012) replied to eight questions concerning beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work. Changes over time were modelled using general linear models (averaged for all questions, 0-100 points, where 0 is completely negative and 100 completely positive) and logistic regression analyses (for the single questions) controlling for age, gender and a number of work-related factors.Results At the last follow-up in 2014, 17.3% of public-sector employees were familiar with the campaign.Beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work were 3.4 points (95% CI 2.4-4.3) higher than at baseline. For the single questions, 4 out of 8 showed improved odds for more positive beliefs [odds ratios (OR) of 1.28-1.89].Conclusion During follow-up of the national campaign, beliefs about musculoskeletal pain and work were more positive among public-sector employees in Denmark. Due to the time-wise mixture of several campaign activities, the isolated effect of each component could not be disentangled. Whether changes in health occurred remain unknown.
The stability constants, log K , (ionized ligand) and log K2 (free acid), for Na' complexation by four monoionizable crown ethers with a common sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5 polyether ring framework, sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxyacetic acid (l), sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxypropanoic acid (2), sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-propanesulfonic acid (3), and sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxymethyl phosphonic acid monoethyl ester (4), have been determined in 80% (w/w) methanol-water by calorimetric titration. Acid dissociation constants, pK,, have also been determined for these compounds in the same solvents by potentiometric titration. Similar constants have also been measured for 2,6-dimethylenebenzoic acid-1 8-crown-5 (5) and its methyl ester analogue 6. Furthermore, log K,, log K2, and pK, values were determined for 1, 5, and 6 in 99% (w/w) methanol-water.Increasing the length of the acidic side arm has a destabilizing effect upon the complexes formed with log K , for 5 > 1 > 2 > 3 in 80% (w/w) methanol-water. The highest stability is achieved when the negative charge density of the side arm is located near the cavity space to be occupied by the sodium ion. Solvation effects are evident in the magnitude of the stability constants obtained in 5 and 6. For 5 in 99% (w/w) methanol-water, Naf is apparently competing with an intramolecular hydrogen bond for the cavity space of the crown ether. With crown phosphonic acid monoalkyl ester 4, Na' is more selectively complexed relative to K+ than with crown carboxylic acid 1. The kinetics of complexation of the crown carboxylate from 1 with Na+ in 99% (w/w) methanol-water were examined with the electric field-jump technique. The rate of formation is nearly diffusion controlled and indicates significant interaction between the side arm and Na' prior to desolvation by the polyester ring. An additional relaxation, but of opposite amplitude, was also observed.
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