The increasing cost of energy and fi nite oil and gas reserves has created a need to develop alternative fuels from renewable sources. Currently, the development of a renewable transportation fuel is ethanol based. Ethanol production is now sugar/starch based, but use of these carbohydrates is limited; they are also required as a food and feed source. The need to generate a large and sustainable supply of biomass to make biofuels generation from lignocellulose profi table will require the development of crops grown specifi cally for bioenergy production. There will be several different species used as dedicated bioenergy crops, and for several reasons; it is expected that sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) will be one of these species. Sorghum is a highly productive, drought-tolerant species with a history of improvement and production of lignocellulose, sugar and starch. Given this history and the existing genetic improvement infrastructure available for the species, it is logical to expect that sorghum hybrids for dedicated bioenergy production can be developed in the near-term future and will be grown and used for bioenergy production.

Sorghum is a tropical grass grown primarily in semiarid and drier parts of the world, especially areas too dry for corn. Sorghum production also leaves about 58 million tons of by-products composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The low lignin content of some forage sorghums such as brown midrib makes them more digestible for ethanol production. Successful use of biomass for biofuel production depends on not only pretreatment methods and efficient processing conditions but also physical and chemical properties of the biomass. In this study, four varieties of forage sorghum (stems and leaves) were characterized and evaluated as feedstock for fermentable sugar production. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to determine changes in structure and chemical composition of forage sorghum before and after pretreatment and the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Forage sorghums with a low syringyl/guaiacyl ratio in their lignin structure were easy to hydrolyze after pretreatment despite the initial lignin content. Enzymatic hydrolysis was also more effective for forage sorghums with a low crystallinity index and easily transformed crystalline cellulose to amorphous cellulose, despite initial cellulose content. Up to 72% hexose yield and 94% pentose yield were obtained using modified steam explosion with 2% sulfuric acid at 140 degrees C for 30 min and enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase (15 filter per unit (FPU)/g cellulose) and beta-glucosidase (50 cellobiose units (CBU)/g cellulose).

Drought is an important factor limiting corn (Zea mays L.) yields in the Texas High Plains, and adoption of drought‐tolerant (DT) hybrids could be a management tool under water shortage. We conducted a 3‐yr field study to investigate yield, evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) in DT hybrids. One conventional (33D49) and 4 DT hybrids (P1151HR, P1324HR, P1498HR, and P1564HR) were grown at three water regimes (I100, I75, and I50, referring to 100, 75, and 50% ET requirement) and three planting densities (PD) (5.9, 7.4, and 8.4 plants m−2). Yield (13.56 Mg ha−1) and ET (719 mm) were the greatest at I100 but WUE (2.1 kg m−3) was the greatest at I75. Although DT hybrids did not always have greater yield and WUE than 33D49 at I100, hybrids P1151HR and P1564HR consistently had greater yield and WUE than 33D49 at I75 and I50. Compared to 33D49, P1151HR and P1564HR had 8.6 to 12.1% and 19.1% greater yield at I75 and I50, respectively. Correspondingly, WUE was 9.8 to 11.7% and 20.0% greater at I75 and I50, respectively. Greater PD resulted in greater yield and WUE at I100 and I75 but PD did not affect yield and WUE at I50. Yield and WUE in greater PD (8.4 plants m−2) were 6.3 to 8.3% greater than those in smaller PD (5.9 plants m−2). The results of this study demonstrated that proper selection of DT hybrids can increase corn yield and WUE under water‐limited conditions.

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Wheat straw is a potential cellulosic feedstock for bioethanol. This study was conducted to evaluate straw yield potential and its relationship with grain yield for wheat (Triticum spp.) grown in the United States. The specific objective was to determine if differences in straw yield and harvest index (HI) exist between and within regions and/or wheat classes. Using ongoing variety performance trials in eight states, a total of 255 varietal trial entriess from five classes of wheat were surveyed for above-ground biomass. Averaged over all wheat classes and regions the HI was 0.45. Soft red winter wheat in Kentucky had, on average, the highest HI and lowest straw yield among regions and wheat classes. Soft white winter wheat under irrigation in the Pacific Northwest produced the highest straw yield. Hard red winter wheat in the southern plain states of Texas and Oklahoma had, on average, the lowest HI. Differences in the amount of precipitation and cultivars were the major contributors to the variation detected within wheat classes. The amount of wheat straw available as cellulosic feedstock in a state or wheat class can be estimated using the grain yield estimates provided by the National Agricultural Statistics Service and the class specific HI.

‘TAM 112’ (Reg. No. CV‐1101, PI 643143), a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar with experimental designation TX98V9628, was developed and released by Texas A&M AgriLife Research in 2005. TAM 112 is an F4–derived line from the cross U1254‐7‐9‐2‐1/TXGH10440 made at Vernon, TX, in 1992. U1254‐7‐9‐2 is a USDA–ARS germplasm line from the Plant Science and Entomology Research unit, Manhattan, KS, and TXGH10440 is a sibling selection of the cultivar TAM 110. TAM 112 is an awned, medium‐early maturing, semidwarf wheat with red glumes. It was released primarily for its excellent grain yield potential particularly in dryland environments of the southern Great Plains; resistance to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.), powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal], and greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)]; and good milling and bread‐baking characteristics. Compared with existing hard red winter wheat cultivars at the time of release, TAM 112 is most similar to TAM 110 with respect to area of adaptation and disease and insect resistance, but it has significantly higher yield and better bread‐baking characteristics than TAM 110. Licensed to Watley Seed Company for marketing, TAM 112 is currently one of the most popular hard red winter wheat cultivars adapted to the dryland production system in the Texas High Plains and similar areas in the southern Great Plains.