The purpose of this review was to evaluate the current state of the literature and to identify the types of study designs, wearable devices, statistical tests, and exercise modes used in validation and reliability studies conducted in applied settings/outdoor environments. This was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We identified nine articles that fit our inclusion criteria, eight of which tested for validity and one tested for reliability. The studies tested 28 different devices with exercise modalities of running, walking, cycling, and hiking. While there were no universally common analytical techniques used to measure accuracy or validity, correlative measures were used in 88% of studies, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in 75%, and Bland–Altman plots in 63%. Intra-class correlation was used to determine reliability. There were not any universally common thresholds to determine validity, however, of the studies that used MAPE and correlation, there were only five devices that had a MAPE of < 10% and a correlation value of > 0.7. Overall, the current review establishes the need for greater testing in applied settings when validating wearables. Researchers should seek to incorporate multiple intensities, populations, and modalities into their study designs while utilizing appropriate analytical techniques to measure and determine validity and reliability.
As wearable technology (WT) has evolved, devices have developed the ability to track a range of physiological variables. These include maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and lactate threshold (LT). With WT quickly growing in popularity, independent evaluation of these devices is important to determine the appropriate use-cases for the devices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the validity of WT in producing estimates of VO2max and LT in athletic populations. METHODS: 21 participants completed laboratory LT and VO2max testing, as well as an outdoor testing session guided by the WT being tested (Garmin fēnix 6® watch and accompanying heart rate monitor). Statistical analysis was completed, using hypothesis testing (ANOVA, t-test), correlation analysis (Pearson’s r, Lin’s Concordance Correlation [CCC]), error analysis (mean absolute percentage error [MAPE]), equivalence testing (TOST test), and bias assessment (Bland–Altman analysis). RESULTS: The Garmin watch was found to have acceptable agreement for VO2max when compared to the 1 min averaged values (MAPE = 6.85%, CCC = 0.7) and for LT and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), (MAPE = 7.52%, CCC = 0.79; MAPE = 8.20%, CCC = 0.74, respectively). Therefore, the Garmin fēnix 6® produces accurate measurements of VO2max and LT in athletic populations and can be used to make training decisions among athletes.
To our knowledge, no published systematic review has described the effects of mindful walking on mental and cardiovascular health. We have aimed to fill this gap by first establishing our systematic review protocol. Our protocol was adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and is registered in PROSPERO (Registration Number: CRD42021241180). The protocol is described step-by-step in this paper, which we wrote to achieve three objectives: to adhere to the best practices stated in the PRISMA guidelines, to ensure procedural transparency, and to enable readers to co-opt our protocol for future systematic reviews on mindful walking and related topics. To achieve our third objective, we provide and explain a novel tool we created to track the sources we will find and screen for our review. Ultimately, the protocol and novel tool will lead to the first published systematic review about mindful walking and will also facilitate future systematic reviews.
elevated levels of CK at 24h (∆335%) and 48h (∆175%) post the DHR protocol were statistically correlated (p < 0.05) with the following at 24h and 48h: increases in VAS (r = 0.44 and 0.45, respectively), decreases in stride-length (r = -0.57 to -0.43, respectively), and increases in cadence (r = 0.55 to 0.45, respectively). Second, elevated levels of IL-6 at 48h post the DHR (∆16%) were statistically correlated with reductions (∆ -14 to -24%) in MVC at all-time points (r = -0.62 to -0.74). Third, lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-a at 48H (∆25%) were statistically correlated with reductions in CMJ at 30min to 48h (∆ -11 to -6%; r = -0.45 to -0.57). CONCLUSION: Biochemical perturbations are moderately to strongly correlated with heightened perception of muscle soreness, alternation in running biomechanics, and reductions in force production and jump height. Accordingly, these subjective, biomechanical and performance outcomes can be carefully used to assess the severity of muscle damage when invasive biochemical measures are unavailable.
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