Indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) can, and do, contribute to natural resource management (NRM) in Australia and elsewhere. However, cross-cultural NRM and scientific research usually emphasizes particular components of IKSs, rather than engaging with the value of an integrated complex IKS. Focusing on two case studies of Aboriginal groups in the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia, we present a conceptual framework that represents how IKSs can manifest as a system of wetland management. The framework depicts how beliefs, knowledge, and practices are interrelated , forming a meaningful and organized approach in which indigenous Bardi Jawi and Nyul Nyul people historically managed, and aspire to continue managing nearby Customary Law-inherited wetlands. The framework presents a meso-scale representation of IKSs that highlights four management principles: custodianship, respectful use, active maintenance, and learning. We describe how affinities for these principles, vis-à-vis other indigenous groups, can also be discerned. Providing a visual framework tool has the potential to assist the application of IKSs to wetland management, and take account of the view that "wetlands need people," by emphasizing the active, integrated, and reciprocal nature of these knowledge systems in place (associated with traditional lands). That indigenous people value, as well as shape, wetlands, is also considered. By interpreting the framework to support indigenous wetland management (and services to ecosystems) within active cross-cultural work, IKSs promise benefits for people and ecosystems.
Methane emissions from >100 tank battery sites in the Permian Basin of west Texas were quantified using two different aircraft-based measurement platforms deployed asynchronously, but within a 5-day period. Emissions were detected by aircraft with rates ranging from 0.71 kg/hr to >750 kg/hr. On-site emission measurements were also made using a drone-based technology at a representative sample of 33 sites and were compared to engineering estimates of emission rates. A large fraction of total emissions from the sites sampled by the aircraft systems (90%±6%) were accounted for by sites with emissions greater than 10 kg/hr, when engineering estimates of emissions were assigned to sites with no emissions detected by aircraft. At least half of the sites with emission rates above 10 kg/hr had emissions that did not persist longer than a few days, and consequently, site by site comparisons of asynchronous aircraft measurements showed poor agreement. The two aircraft systems differed in their estimates of total emissions from the ensembles of sites sampled, and in the percentage of sites with emissions greater than 10 kg/hr. The differences in frequencies of detection between the two aircraft based platforms are attributed to a combination of factors, however, both aircraft-based emission measurement systems attribute a large fraction of emissions to sites with emission rates >10 kg/hr.
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