BackgroundGraves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune condition, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes including impaired quality of life and socio-economic status. Current evidence suggests that the incidence of GO in Europe may be declining, however data on the prevalence of this disease are sparse. Several clinical variants of GO exist, including euthyroid GO, recently listed as a rare disease in Europe (ORPHA466682).The objective was to estimate the prevalence of GO and its clinical variants in Europe, based on available literature, and to consider whether they may potentially qualify as rare. Recent published data on the incidence of GO and Graves’ hyperthyroidism in Europe were used to estimate the prevalence of GO. The position statement was developed by a series of reviews of drafts and electronic discussions by members of the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy. The prevalence of GO in Europe is about 10/10,000 persons. The prevalence of other clinical variants is also low: hypothyroid GO 0.02–1.10/10,000; GO associated with dermopathy 0.15/10,000; GO associated with acropachy 0.03/10,000; asymmetrical GO 1.00–5.00/10,000; unilateral GO 0.50–1.50/10,000.ConclusionGO has a prevalence that is clearly above the threshold for rarity in Europe. However, each of its clinical variants have a low prevalence and could potentially qualify for being considered as a rare condition, providing that future research establishes that they have a distinct pathophysiology. EUGOGO considers this area of academic activity a priority.
In our study, the high prevalence of strabismus can not be attributed to the presence of hyperopia. Our data show no association between refraction and strabismus in children with DS. Oblique astigmatism has been found to be the most common type of astigmatism in our study group.
In optimization of a utility boiler furnace operation, special attention is given to the flame geometry and position. As an illustration of possibilities for application of mathematical prediction and numerical experiment in efficient optimization of the flame, the paper presents selected results of simulations of processes in pulverized coal tangentially fired furnace of Kostolac-B 350 MW electric boiler unit. To analyze the furnace working under different conditions, a differential 3D mathematical model of two-phase turbulent reactive flow with heat and mass transfer and corresponding computer code have been developed. Using the model and the code, previously carefully verified and validated against field measurements, an extensive numerical study has been performed to investigate the dependence of the furnace flame characteristics on different operating conditions, including distribution of the coal, air flow rates, and particle size classes over the burner tiers, as well as the quality and grinding fineness of coal and the operation scheme of the coal mills. The numerical predictions of the flame characteristics enable a specific tool for optimization of the boiler unit with respect to efficiency and ecology.
We found that the incidence of ON per year per practitioner is 0-5 cases, the most common etiology is C. trachomatis, and most infants receive prophylaxis and treatment.
This pa per pres ents the ex per i men tal in ves ti ga tion of tur bu lent struc tures of flow around a sphere. The mean ve loc ity field and the tur bu lence quan ti ties are ob tained in a small low speed wind tun nel us ing, la ser-Dopp ler anemometry, for the flow around a sphere at subcritical Reynolds num ber of 50,000. The re sults of la ser-Dopp ler mea sure ments are com pared with results ob tained by large eddy sim u la tion. In this pa per also flow vi su al iza tion around sphere in the big ger wind tun nel and wa ter chan nel for Reynolds num bers be tween 22,000 and 400,000 have been done.
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