This study was designed to validate an incremental test predicting maximum oxygen uptake for lifeguards. A maximum incremental test was performed in the laboratory (i.e., treadmill run) and in the pool (i.e., swim) by 10 certified lifeguards. The values of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2Max), maximum heart rate (HRMax), and lactate (LaMax) achieved during both tests were analyzed. The VO2Max (0.87, p =.001), HRmax (0.85, p = .002) and LaMax (0.67, p <.05) values showed significant correlations between the laboratory tests and the pool tests. These results showed that the Incremental Pool Test for Lifeguards (IPTL) was valid (i.e., concurrent validity) for obtaining the maximum oxygen uptake of a rescuer. Using this swim test, lifeguards and their supervisors will be able to individualize their training in order to improve their performance in a water rescue and perhaps reduce the numbers of fatal drownings.
The main objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between the performance in a maximum incremental test for lifeguards, the IPTL, and the effectiveness of a 200 m water rescue on the beach. Initially, 20 professional lifeguards carried out the IPTL in the pool and then they performed a 200 m water rescue on the beach. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the IPTL was estimated. In both tests, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (La) and time achieved were measured. The VO2max estimated in the IPTL (VO2IPTL) was 44.2 ± 4.7 mL·kg·min−1, the time reached in the IPTL (TimeIPTL) was 726 ± 72 s and the time spent in the rescue (TimeRescue) was 222 ± 14 s. The results showed that the time reached in the pool (TimeIPTL) was the best predictor variable of the performance in water rescue (TimeRescue) (R2 = 0.59; p < 0.01). A significant correlation was also observed between the estimated maximum oxygen uptake and the beach rescue performance (R2 = 0.37; p = 0.05). These results reveal that the IPTL, a maximum incremental test specific to lifeguards, allows the estimation of the effectiveness of a 200 m rescue on the beach.
La formación en primeros auxilios es fundamental para poder intervenir en un primer momento en situaciones de emergencia y es por ello que numerosas instituciones han señalado a la educación obligatoria como una de las claves para llevar a cabo dicha formación. En esta investigación se ha analizado la evolución de la presencia de los primeros auxilios en la legislación educativa en España, que han ido perdiendo peso en el currículo educativo desde la LGE, en 1970, hasta la LOE, en 2006, especialmente en el bachillerato y han recuperado su importancia desde ese año hasta la actual LOMCE, de 2013, donde se incluyen estos contenidos en la educación primaria y la educación secundaria obligatoria. Aunque los contenidos se incluyen principalmente en la asignatura de educación física, actualmente se dividen en varias asignaturas del currículo. La evidencia científica actual nos dice que, aunque estos contenidos están presentes en el currículo, no se suelen aplicar por falta de material y también en la formación en el profesorado para impartirlos, sin embargo, ciertas comunidades autónomas aportan material y formación para que puedan ser los propios docentes los que impartan las maniobras de primeros auxilios en las escuelas. Por todo esto, creemos que los primeros auxilios deben ser un contenido obligatorio y relevante en las escuelas y que deben ser los docentes, formados previamente, los que impartan dichos contenidos.
The purpose of this research was to analyze the organizational structures of the different federations and entities representing the modalities of trail-running, skyrunning, and mountain running and how they have settled in the current sports landscape. The main task of these entities is to act as hosts of the legally established modalities, both internationally and nationally, applying their respective regulations and statutes unilaterally. Through an in-depth review of the different regulations, statutes, and current articles of all the organizations that represent the different disciplines, we can observe how a sport modality that seems to be the same is nevertheless distant in its execution (regulations, championships, classifications, systems of points, etc.), which has led to the international level being established in different sport modalities (trail running and skyrunning). At the level of the Spanish territory, it has led to an administrative dispute to know who has the powers to approve sports competitions.
The aim of this study was to derive an equation that validly and reliably estimates the VO2 reached in the IPTL, a maximum stress test for lifeguards. From the results obtained in the first part of the research, a multiple linear regression model was identified. A "stepwise" procedure was established as a variable selection method, where the VO2IPTL was selected as the dependent variable and the maximum time reached in the IPTL (s), the percentage of muscle mass (%) and weight of the participant (kg), as independent variables. This procedure generated a regression model where a high correlation was observed between the 3 independent variables and the dependent variable (R 2 = 0.84; p <.01). From this model, an equation could be generated that allows estimating the VO2max reached in the IPTL. The analysis of the results suggested that the IPTL was a valid and reliable test to estimate VO2 simply which would allow, in the long term, analysis of changes in lifeguards physical conditioning.
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