Female ejaculation is a contentious topic. From a review of the literature, history indicates that it is not a modern concept; some females were aware of it in times past without understanding the role of the fluid or composition of the ejaculate. Over time, scholars experimented, mainly with anatomical studies, in an attempt to identify the source of the ejaculate and explore its physiological and anatomical benefits for the female sexual experience. Despite these studies, views about female ejaculation remain controversial and inconsistent, with no clear conclusion as to its function. This review discusses the history of studies of female ejaculation and presents various hypotheses from an anatomical and physiological perspective. After reviewing 44 publications from 1889 to 2019, it became apparent that clinical and anatomical studies conducted during recent decades provide substantial evidence in support of the female ejaculatory phenomenon. Anatomical studies have shown that the ejaculate originates in the paraurethral (Skene's) glands, but its composition has been debated. Female ejaculate differs from urine in its creatinine and urea concentrations.

The accessory obturator nerve (AON) (Figure 1) was first described in 1672 by Isbrand van Diemerbroeck. [1] He reported that it was found in roughly one out of every three persons and originated from the third and fourth lumbar nerves. [1] Not until 1794 was it described in detail by Schmidt (1794). Since its discovery, it has been called the anterior internal crural nerve, accessory nerve of the internal crural nerve, and the nerve of the coxo-femoral articulation. [2] Some have proposed that it should be named the accessory femoral nerve owing to its typical derivation from the posterior part of the anterior division of L3 and L4, its function, and its anatomicalcourse over the pubic ramus. [3] The lumbar plexus is derived from the ventral rami of L1-L4, often with a contribution from T12. [4] The obturator nerve is most commonly derived from the L2 to L4 ventral rami. [4] The AON is described in Katritsis et al. [5] as being derived from the posterior part of the anterior division of L3 and L4. Typically, the AON passes alongside the obturator nerve toward the obturator foramen. Instead of passing through this foramen, it passes over it. There are multiple variationsof the terminal branches of the AON after it passes over the superior pubic ramus (Tables 1-3). [5-16] Knowledge of the AON and its variations can be important to surgeons, especially regarding anterior and lateral approaches to the spine. [17-19] Misidentification of the nerve can also lead to injury. [20]

No abstract

No abstract

Odontoid fractures are the most common cervical spine fractures in the elderly. Although many classification systems have been developed for them, the ambiguity in various definitions can potentially lead to misunderstandings. This paper aims to review the terminologies and current classification systems of odontoid fractures and propose a new, simplified anatomical classification. Given the descriptive variability of odontoid fractures in current classifications, we systematically reviewed the literature using PRISMA guidelines querying the National Library of Medicine PubMed database. The initial literature search yielded 175 publications. A total of seven reports met the inclusion criteria and were ultimately included for a full review. The classification systems previously used to categorize fractures of the odontoid process often need to be more transparent, imprecise, and incongruous. To simplify them, a new embryologically accurate system is proposed. A new embryological and anatomically-based system, combining the former systems' specific attributes, allows a more straightforward and adaptable classification of odontoid fractures.