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The ATLAS IBL CollaborationDuring the shutdown of the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2013-2014, an additional pixel layer was installed between the existing Pixel detector of the ATLAS experiment and a new, smaller radius beam pipe. The motivation for this new pixel layer, the Insertable B-Layer (IBL), was to maintain or improve the robustness and performance of the ATLAS tracking system, given the higher instantaneous and integrated luminosities realised following the shutdown. Because of the extreme radiation and collision rate environment, several new radiation-tolerant sensor and electronic technologies were utilised for this layer. This paper reports on the IBL construction and integration prior to its operation in the ATLAS detector.The ATLAS [1] general purpose detector is used for the study of proton-proton (pp) and heavy-ion collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [2]. It successfully collected data at pp collision energies of 7 and 8 TeV in the period of 2010-2012, known as Run 1. Following an LHC shutdown in 2013-2014 (LS1), it has collected data since 2015 at a pp collision energy of 13 TeV (the so-called Run 2).The ATLAS inner tracking detector (ID) [1, 3] provides charged particle tracking with high efficiency in the pseudorapidity 1 range of |η| < 2.5. With increasing radial distance from the interaction region, it consists of silicon pixel and micro-strip detectors, followed by a transition radiation tracker (TRT) detector, all surrounded by a superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T magnetic field.The original ATLAS pixel detector [4,5], referred to in this paper as the Pixel detector, was the innermost part of the ID during Run 1. It consists of three barrel layers (named the B-Layer, Layer 1 and Layer 2 with increasing radius) and three disks on each side of the interaction region, to guarantee at least three space points over the full tracking |η| range. It was designed to operate for the Phase-I period of the LHC, that is with a peak luminosity of 1 × 10 34 cm −2 s −1 and an integrated luminosity of approximately 340 fb −1 corresponding to a TID of up to 50 MRad 2 and a fluence of up to 1 × 10 15 n eq /cm 2 NIEL. However, for luminosities exceeding 2 × 10 34 cm −2 s −1 , which are now expected during the Phase-I operation, the read-out efficiency of the Pixel layers will deteriorate. This paper describes the construction and surface integration of an additional pixel layer, the Insertable B-Layer (IBL) [6], installed during the LS1 shutdown between the B-Layer and a new smaller radius beam pipe. The main motivations of the IBL were to maintain the full ID tracking performance and robustness during Phase-I operation, despite read-out bandwidth limitations of the Pixel layers (in particular the B-Layer) at the expected Phase-I peak luminosity, and accumulated radiation damage to the silicon sensors and front-end electronics. The IBL is designed to operate until the end of Phase-I, when a full tracker upgrade is planned [7] for high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operation from approximately ...

ABSTRAK Informasi luas area kebakaran sangat diperlukan sebagai salah satu pendekatan untuk penghitungan emisi gas rumah kaca. Data Landsat merupakan salah satu jenis citra penginderaan jauh optis resolusi menengah yang banyak dipergunakan untuk memetakan luas dan sebaran areal kebakaran. Tujuan penelitian adalah melakukan verifikasi hasil deteksi lahan bekas kebakaran hutan/lahan guna tersedianya hasil verifikasi burned area (BA) dari data Landsat-8 untuk dukungan penyusunan pedoman identifikasi BA. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis verifikasi lahan bekas kebakaran yang diperoleh dari data satelit Landsat-8 sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI) menggunakan metode Normalized Burn Area (NBR). Data referensi yang digunakan dalam proses verifikasi adalah data lahan bekas kebakaran yang didelineasi dari citra SPOT-5. Citra ini memiliki resolusi spasial lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Landsat-8 OLI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat akurasi Burned Area BA Landsat-8 OLI dengan metode ∆NBR memiliki nilai akurasi (overall accuracy) sebesar 87%, dengan commision error sebesar 2%, dan ommision error sebesar 11%. Tingkat akurasi burned area (BA) hasil estimasi dari data Landsat-8 dengan menggunakan metode ∆NBR memiliki nilai koefisien korelasi (r) 0,98 dengan persamaan Y = 0,928X-21,07 dan koefisien determinasi (R 2) = 0,96. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 96% wilayah yang diklasifikasikan atau diestimasi sebagai wilayah yang terbakar adalah benar sebagai wilayah yang terbakar. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode ∆NBR yang diaplikasikan pada data Landsat-8 terbukti dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi burned area. Kata Kunci: areal kebakaran, Landsat-8, Normalized Burn Area (NBR) ABSTRACT Information of burned area is needed as one among approaches on the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions. Landsat is one of the main types of remote sensing imageries frequently used to map the distribution of burned area.The purpose of this research is to verify the result of burned area (BA) analysis obtained from Landsat-8 satellite data acquired with Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor. The results of verification burned area of the Landsat-8 to support the preparation of guidelines for the identification of BA. The BA analysis used Normalized Burn Area (NBR) method. The verification process used a manually digitized SPOT-5 image as the reference data, since it has higher spatial resolution than Landsat-8 OLI. The results of this study shows that BA Landsat-8 OLI using ΔNBR have accuracy values (Overall Accuracy) by 87%, with the commission error by 2%, and ommision error by 11%. The accuracy of BA which was estimated from Landsat-8 using ΔNBR has a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98 with the equation Y = 0.928X-21.07 and the coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.96. These results indicate that 96% area classified or estimated as the burned area was real burned area. Thus, it can be concluded that the method ΔNBR applied on Landsat-8 proved it can be used to detect the burned area.