Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of ∼80%) and protons (with a polarization of ∼70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2–3) × 1033 cm−2 · s−1. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC.The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies.This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.

Biomimetic route of CO2 conversion catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an attractive option for carbon capture and storage due to the high efficiency and specificity of CA in CO2 hydration. Preparation of TiO2 based biocatalytic naonparticles and membranes via CA immobilization facilitates the reuse of the enzyme and could be potentially integrated in a gasliquid membrane contactor for high efficient CO2 capture. In this work, different immobilization protocols were compared based on CA loading, activity and stability. For biocatalytic nanoparticles, over 80% activity recovery and 163 mg/g support was achieved. Repeated reuse and recovery of the biocatalytic nanoparticles over twenty cycles showed only modest loss in activity. For the biocatalytic membranes, the nanostructure of the titania coating and the pH values during immobilization were examined to optimize the biocatalytic performance. Biocatalytic membranes prepared at pH 6 with two cycles of sol-gel coating were able to immobilize 700 µg CA/cm 2 nominal membrane area. The CO2 hydration efficiency of the biocatalytic nanoparticles and membranes were examined, and only marginal loss of catalytic efficiency was observed when compared with their free CA counterpart, indicating good potential to apply such biocatalytic nanoparticles and membranes for CO2 conversion.

An all-optical tunable microlaser based on the ultrahigh-quality (Q)-factor erbium-doped hybrid microbottle cavity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. All-optical wavelength tunability of the silica microcavity laser is a very attractive feature and has been rarely reported. By using an improved doping method, the erbium-doped silica microbottle cavity with a Q factor of 5.2 × 107 in the 1550 nm band is obtained, which is higher than the previous work based on the conventional sol–gel method. Through nonresonant pump in the 980 nm band, a lasing threshold of 1.65 mW is achieved, which is lower than all those realized through the same pump method. Besides, iron oxide nanoparticles are coated on the tapered area by doping them in the ultraviolet curing adhesive in order to precisely control the coating area, which enables the hybrid microcavity to maintain the ultrahigh Q factor and possess large tunability. By feeding the control light through the axial direction of the microbottle cavity, the lasing wavelength is all-optically tuned with a range of 4.4 nm, which is larger than the reported doped silica microcavity lasers. This work has great potential in applications such as optical communications, sensing, and spectroscopy.

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Awns, needle-like structures formed on the distal of the lemmas in the florets, are of interest because of their essential roles in seed dispersal, germination and photosynthesis. Previous research has reported the potential benefits of awns in major cereal grasses, yet reports on the agronomic and economic implications of awn length variation in forage grasses remain scarce. This study investigated the variation of awn length among 20 Siberian wildrye populations and the effect of awn length on seed yield and yield components. This work then studied the impact of awn length on seed dispersal and germination. The analyses indicated a high level of awn length variation among populations. Awn length showed a significant influence on harvested seed yield per plant (p < 0.05) mostly driven by interactions between awn length and the majority of seed yield components. Principal component analysis clearly revealed that the final impact of awn length on seed yield depends on the balance of its positive and negative effects on traits determining seed yield. Furthermore, awn length tended to increase seed dispersal distance, although little diversity in the nature of this progression was observed in some populations. Awn length exhibited a significant relationship (p < 0.05) with germination percentage. It also tended to shorten germination duration, although this interaction was not statistically significant. Collectively, these results provide vital information for breeding and agronomic programs aiming to maintain yield in grasses. This is the first report to demonstrate in Siberian wildrye the agronomic impacts of awn length variation.

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Optical frequency comb (OFC) based on the whispering-gallery-mode microresonator has various potential applications in fundamental and applied areas. Once the solid microresonator is fabricated, its structure parameters are generally unchanged. Therefore, realizing the tunability of the microresonator OFC is an important precondition for many applications. In this work, we proposed and demonstrated the tunable Kerr and Raman-Kerr frequency combs using the ultrahigh-quality-factor (Q) functionalized silica microsphere resonators, which are coated with iron oxide nanoparticles on their end surfaces. The functionalized microsphere resonator possesses Q factors over 108 and large all-optical tunability due to the excellent photothermal performance of the iron oxide nanoparticles. We realized a Kerr frequency comb with an ultralow threshold of 0.42 mW and a comb line tuning range of 0.8 nm by feeding the control light into the hybrid microsphere resonator through its fiber stem. Furthermore, in order to broaden the comb span, we realized a Raman-Kerr frequency comb with a span of about 164 nm. Meanwhile, we also obtained a comb line tuning range of 2.67 nm for the Raman-Kerr frequency comb. This work could find potential applications in wavelength-division multiplexed coherent communications and optical frequency synthesis.

We realized a tunable Brillouin laser and a tunable Raman laser by using ultrahigh-quality-factor (Q) hybrid microbottle resonators. The whispering-gallery-mode microresonator-based Brillouin and Raman lasers possess unique advantages (e.g. low threshold, narrow line width, and flexible lasing wavelength region) and various potential applications. Efficient tuning of the Brillouin and Raman microresonator lasers is desirable in many cases. However, the corresponding lasing wavelength tunability is rarely reported. In this work, we realized the ultralow-threshold Brillouin and Raman lasers based on the proposed hybrid microbottle resonators with Q factors over 108. Meanwhile, by feeding the control light through the axial direction of the hybrid microbottle resonators, a Brillouin lasing wavelength tuning range of 2.68 nm and a Raman lasing wavelength tuning range of 2.32 nm are realized, which are one order of magnitude and almost once larger than those reported in the previous works, respectively. Such tunable microlasers could find significant applications in light sources, microwave photonics, and optical sensing.