No abstract

Mechanoluminescent (ML) materials that directly convert mechanical energy into photon emission have emerged as promising candidates for various applications. Despite the recent advances in the development of both novel and conventional ML materials, the limited access to ML materials that simultaneously have the attributes of high brightness, low cost, self-recovery, and stability, and the lack of appropriate designs for constructing ML devices represent significant challenges that remain to be addressed to boost the practical application of ML materials. Herein, ML hybrids derived from a natural source, waste eggshell, with the aforementioned attributes are demonstrated. The introduction of the eggshell not only enables the preparation of the hybrid in a simple and cost-effective manner but also contributes to the homochromatism (red, green, or blue emission), high brightness, and robustness of the resultant ML hybrids. The significant properties of the ML hybrids, together with the proposed structural design, such as porosity or core-shell structure, could expedite a series of mechanic-optical applications, including the self-luminous shoes for the conversion of human motions into light and light generators that efficiently harvest water wave energy. The fascinating properties, versatile designs, and the efficient protocol of "turning waste into treasure" of the ML hybrids represent significant Chunfeng Wang and Ronghua Ma contributed equally to this work.

Turning waste into treasure: conversion of waste egg‐shells to high‐performance mechanoluminescent hybrid for energy‐related applications. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12250)

Objective: To assess and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine) on cognition, behavior, function, and global status in patients with vascular cognitive impairment. Data sources: The initial literature search was performed with PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Methodology Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health (CINAHL) from inception to January 2018 for studies regarding donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for treatment of vascular cognitive impairment. Data selection: Randomized controlled trials on donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine as monotherapy in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment were included. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted. Outcome measures: Efficacy was assessed by changes in scores of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive subscale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores and Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change Scale Plus Caregiver’s Input, Activities of Daily Living, the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Safety was evaluated by mortality, total adverse events (TAEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), nausea, vomiting. diarrhea, or cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Results: After screening 1717 citations, 12 randomized controlled trials were included. Donepezil and rivastigmine (mean difference (e) = –0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25–1.32; MD = 1.05, 95% CI : 0.18–1.79) were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Donepezil, galantamine, and memantine ( MD = –1.30, 95% CI : –2.27 to –0.42; MD = –1.67, 95% CI : –3.36 to –0.06; MD = –2.27, 95% CI : –3.91 to –0.53) showed superior benefits on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive scores compared with placebo. Memantine ( MD = 2.71, 95% CI : 1.05–7.29) improved global status (Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change Scale Plus Caregiver’s Input) more than the placebo. Safety results revealed that donepezil 10 mg (odds ratio ( OR ) = 3.04, 95% CI : 1.86–5.41) contributed to higer risk of adverse events than placebo. Galantamine ( OR = 5.64, 95% CI : 1.31–26.71) increased the risk of nausea. Rivastigmine ( OR = 16.80, 95% CI : 1.78–319.26) increased the risk of vomiting. No agents displayed a significant risk of serious adverse events, mortality, cerebrovascular accidents, or d...