Research in preschool children that investigates the impact of different exercise interventions on physical fitness is limited. This pre–post study was aimed at determining if participation in a nine-month structured multisport program (MSG; n = 38) could enhance physical fitness components compared to a formal exercise program (control group (CG); n = 36) among preschool children. Physical fitness was assessed using standardized tests (the standing long jump, sit and reach, 20 m sprint, sit-ups for 30 s, bent-arm hang, medicine ball throw (MBT), grip strength, 4 × 10 m shuttle run, and 20 m shuttle run tests). The structured multisport program involved fundamental/gross and fine motor skills and ball game-based exercises twice a week. The control group was free of any programmed exercise except for the obligatory program in kindergartens. A mixed ANOVA demonstrated significant group-by-time interaction effects for the 4 × 10 m shuttle run, standing long jump, sit-ups, bent-arm hang, grip strength, and sit and reach tests (p < 0.05). There was no significant group-by-time interaction effect for the 20 m sprint test (p = 0.794) or for the 20 m shuttle run test (p = 0.549). Moreover, the MSG and CG performance in the MBT and 20 m shuttle run tests improved to a similar extent from pre- to post-test. Our results indicate that compared to the formal plan, the structured multisport program led to a sustained improvement in physical fitness in healthy 5-to-6-year old children.

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The early detection and continuous monitoring of children’s motor competence levels and physical fitness is very important. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in motor coordination of children enrolled in soccer and multisport activities. The participants of this study included 147 boys and girls (mean age 7.60 ± 0.85 years). The total sample of subjects was composed of two subgroups: children who were enrolled in organized exercise programs—multisports (n = 77), and children who were engaged in soccer training (n = 70). Motor coordination was evaluated with the Kiphard–Schilling body coordination test (KTK). Physical fitness was assessed with a 20 m shuttle run test, 4 × 10 m shuttle run test, standing long jump, and handgrip strength. The ANCOVA showed significant differences (p < 0.05) with large effect size between groups for tests hopping for height (d = 0.93), total motor quotient (d = 1.31), jumping sideways (d = 1.32), and moving sideways (d = 1.59), after adjusting for age and gender. There were no significant differences between groups in the physical fitness tests. It can be concluded that children enrolled in multisport activities have higher levels of motor coordination than children who are enrolled only in soccer. Therefore, multiple sport training programs should be considered and encouraged by parents, educators, and other training professionals.

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The aim of this research is to determine the effects of proprioceptive training on the improvement of agility skills in dance sport fitness conditioning. Proprioceptive training is realized throughout tasks that include the establishing and maintaining various positions on balance boards of different dimensions, working surfaces and platforms. 38 male and female competitive dancers divided into an experimental and control groups. The experimental group took part in a proprioceptive training program over a period of 12 weeks (3 x 30 minutes per week). The control group (at the same time as the experimental) had regular sport dance training. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, agility skills were measured by means of three different agility tests: Side steps, Figure '8' with bending and Agility in the air. Statistically significant differences among the groups in the final measurement (p= .00) generally show a positive effect of the proprioceptive training program on the improvement of agility skills with the experimental group, especially in tests Figure '8' with bending and Side steps. Such findings could encourage the use of proprioceptive training model in daily dance classes due to its potential to improve dancers' agility skills. Therefore, the use of a proprioceptive training model, as an innovative approach in individual and group dance fitness conditioning is recommended.

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of developmental gymnastics on motor fitness in preschool girls. This study was performed on a sample of 56 healthy preschool girls that were divided into two groups, a developmental training group and a control group. Motor fitness tests were used from several test batteries: the 20m dash, Obstacle course backwards, Standing broad jump, Arm plate tapping, Seated straddle stretch, Bent arm hang, Sit ups. The basic characteristics of developmental gymnastic training process consisted of station and circuit work and obstacle courses two times a week lasting for 60 min with intensity around 160-180bpm. After the training intervention, the training group showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements in almost all the parameters analyzed (e.g., Obstacle course backwards; Standing broad jump; Arm plate tapping; Bent arm hang and Sit ups) compared with pretest values, with percentages of change and ES ranging from 13.3% to 48.2% and 0.64 (moderate) to 1.20 (large), respectively. No significant changes were observed in the control group after the training intervention except for the standing broad jump and arm plate tapping (p < 0.05). This study provides evidence on the effectiveness of developmental gymnastics programs for the optimal development of young children’s motor fitness.

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Authors' contribution Wkład autorów: A. Study design/planning zaplanowanie badań B. Data collection/entry zebranie danych C. Data analysis/statistics dane-analiza i statystyki D. Data interpretation interpretacja danych E. Preparation of manuscript przygotowanie artykułu F. Literature analysis/search wyszukiwanie i analiza literatury G. Funds collection zebranie funduszy Summary Background. The following study attempts to compare the motor skills of younger schoolaged female children (7-9 and 9-11) who attended rhythmic gymnastics classes and those who participated in modern dance classes. Material and methods. The study involved 30 girls aged 7-9 and 35 aged 9-11 who attended rhythmic gymnastics, as well as 36 female children aged 7-9 and 40 aged 9-11 doing modern dance. Sixteen tests of motor skills were conducted to assess the coordination of the whole body, lower-limb explosive strength, lower-limb flexibility, repetitive bodily movement and its frequency. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied for determining quantitive differences between the two groups of girls. Results. The results of the research showed a significant difference in most motor variables at the level of statistical significance of P=0.05 between the two categories of examinees, especially in the older age group (9-11), showcasing better results in the girls engaged in rhythmic gymnastics. Conclusions. The findings may help to understand the specific requirements concerning girls' competing in rhythmic gymnastics, as well as their everyday training process, which is considerably more demanding than that of modern dance performers, which may however ultimately result in higher-quality motor skills, especially of coordination, static balance and flexibility.