Background/Aim: No effective therapeutics have yet been developed for pancreatic cancer. 2-Methoxy-4-vinyl phenol (2M4VP), a member of the class of phenols, has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties and cause cell cycle arrest making it an attractive candidate drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Materials and Methods: The effects of 2M4VP were examined in Panc-1 and SNU-213 human pancreatic cancer cells. Results: 2M4VP had anticancer effects on pancreatic cancer cell lines, Panc-1 and SNU-213. 2M4VP reduced the viability of Panc-1 cells by inhibiting the expression of the cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein. 2M4VP also suppressed the migratory activity of both cell lines. In addition, treatment with 2M4VP effectively decreased the phosphorylation of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and AKT. Conclusion: 2M4VP might be used as a pancreatic cancer treatment supplement.Pancreatic cancer has a five-year survival rate of less than 5% (1-3). The main characteristics of pancreatic cancer are the early systemic metastasis and local tumor progression (4-6). The unique migratory activity of pancreatic cancer cells makes early diagnosis and treatment very difficult, and increases the mortality rate of pancreatic cancer patients (7, 8). Recently, it has been reported that gemcitabine, a drug used in current clinical trials, may cause metastasis at low dose in pancreatic cancers (9). Resistance to currently available anticancer drugs also makes this disease more difficult to treat (10, 11). In addition, a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been noted for its role in pancreatic cancer and has been related with poor prognosis (12-14). Therefore, it is necessary to study the molecules that regulate the HGF pathway in pancreatic cancer cells.Buckwheat is a dicotyledonous plant common in East Asian countries and contains various functional substances such as rutin, isovitexin, quercetin, which have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). In particular, buckwheat contains buckwheat flavor compounds, such as 2,5-dimethyl-4hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone, (E-)-2,4-decadienal, and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylpenol (2M4VP). Especially, 2M4VP is used as a fragrance and is also found in apples and peanuts. 2M4VP is also known to induce cell cycle arrest by blocking the hyper-phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in benzopyrene-treated NIH3T3 cells and to have an antiinflammatory effect by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation (20,21). In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of 2M4VP in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Materials and MethodsCell culture and reagents. We obtained 293T, Panc-1, and SNU-213 cells from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Repubic of Korea). The 293T and Panc-1 cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37˚C and 5% CO 2 . SNU-213 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 supple...
Green mandarins are widely consumed unripe as mandarin oranges (Citrus unshiu Marcov.), which exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle effects by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was performed to verify the skin improvement efficacy and safety of green mandarin extract (PTE). For the standardization of PTE, narirutin was set as a marker compound, and PTE with a constant narirutin content was prepared for the study. After randomizing subjects with periorbital wrinkles, they were orally administered PTE (300 mg/day) or a placebo for 12 weeks. Periorbital wrinkles were measured using PRIMOSCR SF. Skin elasticity, moisture content, transepidermal water loss, and gloss were also measured. In the study results, the depth, volume, and skin roughness of the periorbital wrinkles were significantly improved compared to the control group (p = 0.011, 0.009, and 0.004, respectively). The survey confirmed that the skin condition improved after PTE consumption for 12 weeks. No adverse reactions associated with PTE were observed during the study period. Thus, the results demonstrate that PTE effectively improves UV-induced skin wrinkles. Therefore, it is considered that PTE has sufficient value as a functional food ingredient that can prevent skin aging.
Magnolia flower buds are a source of herbal medicines with various active compounds. In this study, differences in the distribution and abundance of major essential oils, phenolic acids, and primary metabolites between white flower buds of Magnolia heptapeta and violet flower buds of Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens were characterised. A multivariate analysis revealed clear separation between the white and violet flower buds with respect to primary and secondary metabolites closely related to metabolic systems. White flower buds contained large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH), phenolic acids, aromatic amino acids, and monosaccharides, related to the production of isoprenes, as MH precursors, and the activity of MH synthase. However, concentrations of β-myrcene, a major MH compound, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds, possibly due to higher threonine levels and low acidic conditions induced by comparatively low levels of some organic acids. Moreover, levels of stress-related metabolites, such as oxygenated monoterpenes, proline, and glutamic acid, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds. Our results support the feasibility of metabolic profiling for the identification of phytochemical differences and improve our understanding of the correlated biological pathways for primary and secondary metabolites.
Schizophragma hydrangeoides (S. hydrangeoides) is a vine endogenous to Jeju Island and Ulleungdo, where it grows attached to the foothills and rock surfaces. Previous research has mostly focused on the whitening effect of S. hydrangeoides leaf extract. In this study, we investigated S. hydrangeoides leaf extract further, and detected four phytochemicals in the extract: chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucosyl-(1-2)-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-Oxylosyl-(1-2)-rhamnoside, and quercitrin. We pretreated human dermal fibroblast (HDFn) cells with previously established concentrations of the four compounds for 1 h before ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. Among the four compounds, quercetin-3-Oglucosyl-(1-2)-rhamnoside (Q-3-GR) best inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) levels. Thus, we investigated the protective effects of Q-3-GR on photoaging and its underlying mechanisms. Q-3-GR significantly reduced MMP-1 production and inhibited MMP-1 protein expression in UVA-irradiated HDFn cells. Furthermore, Q-3-GR increased procollagen type I production and protein expression. Q-3-GR exerted its anti-photoaging effects by downregulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ activator protein-1 signaling pathway, and upregulating the transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling pathway. Thus, S. hydrangeoides leaf-derived Q-3-GR is a potential potent cosmetic ingredient for UV-induced skin aging.
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