The purpose of this study was to establish the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of isometric shoulder strength assessment using a hand-held dynamometer (HHD) in functional joint positions in student circus artists with symptomatic atraumatic shoulder instability. METHODS: Over
two testing sessions, two experienced physiotherapists assessed the shoulder strength of 24 student circus artists with clinically diagnosed atraumatic shoulder instability. Both the symptomatic and asymptomatic shoulder was assessed using a HHD in 10 functional positions. Intra-class correlation
coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine the reliability of strength measurements. RESULTS: All examined positions showed moderate-high intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. External rotation at 0 and internal rotation in horizontal flexion at 45 revealed the most reliable results,
and the shrug position the least reliable. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was high and demonstrated similar results in symptomatic and asymptomatic shoulders by both raters. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated clinical applicability in reliably measuring functional strength in symptomatic
atraumatic instability or asymptomatic shoulders when assessed by experienced therapists using an HHD.
Two-year degrees are intensive degree programmes that offer increased flexibility in Higher Education (HE) and are becoming a more appealing option for many students seeking HE study (Baty, 2017; Cabral and Lambirth, 2017), but with lower entry requirements, are students coming onto a degree unequipped and unprepared for the challenges that accelerated study presents?This opinion piece focuses on the two-year BA in Primary Education and details a collaborative pilot project offered by the Faculty of Education and Health and Information and Library Services. The course uses an innovative framework that embeds academic skills in the taught programme to help students better manage the challenges that the accelerated degree brings. Academic and information literacy skills are integrated in the subject curriculum to support students with their studies but also to enhance their abilities and build lasting confidence through employability and citizenship skills.This paper will essentially outline four potential strategies to be considered for employment on other cross-faculty accelerated programmes.
Early Start is a center-based program for 4-year-old prekindergarten children at risk of academic failure because of their home or community environment This state-funded program successfully incorporated literacy activities into a supportive environment which informally encouraged practice with early reading and writing. The article describes the development of the program, the project's dally activities from the perspective of emergent literacy, and evaluative findings regarding literacy development. Researchers conducted direct child assessment and classroom observations to document the children's capabilities and participation in literacy activities during the course of the school year.
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