Climate is a critical driver of many fish populations, assemblages, and aquatic communities. However, direct observational studies of climate change impacts on North American inland fishes are rare. In this synthesis, we (1) summarize climate trends that may influence North American inland fish populations and assemblages, (2) compile 31 peer‐reviewed studies of documented climate change effects on North American inland fish populations and assemblages, and (3) highlight four case studies representing a variety of observed responses ranging from warmwater systems in the southwestern and southeastern United States to coldwater systems along the Pacific Coast and Canadian Shield. We conclude by identifying key data gaps and research needs to inform adaptive, ecosystem‐based approaches to managing North American inland fishes and fisheries in a changing climate.

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Inland fishes provide important ecosystem services to communities worldwide and are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Fish respond to climate change in diverse and nuanced ways, which creates challenges for practitioners of fish conservation, climate change adaptation, and management. Although climate change is known to affect fish globally, a comprehensive online, public database of how climate change has impacted inland fishes worldwide and adaptation or management practices that may address these impacts does not exist. We conducted an extensive, systematic primary literature review to identify peer-reviewed journal publications describing projected and documented examples of climate change impacts on inland fishes. From this standardized Fish and Climate Change database, FiCli (pronounced fick-lee), researchers and managers can query fish families, species, response types, or geographic locations to obtain summary information on inland fish responses to climate change and recommended management actions. the FiCli database is updatable and provides access to comprehensive published information to inform inland fish conservation and adaptation planning in a changing climate.

Production of biomass is central to the ecology and sustainability of fish assemblages.The goal of this study was to empirically estimate and compare fish assemblage production, production-to-biomass (P/B) ratios and species composition for 25 secondto third-order streams spanning the Appalachian Mountains (from Vermont to North Carolina) that vary in their temperature regimes. Fish assemblage production estimates ranged from 0.15 to 6.79 g m −2 year, and P/B ratios ranged from 0.20 to 1.07.There were no significant differences in mean assemblage production across northern cold-water, southern cold-water and southern cool-water streams (p = .35). Two warm-water streams, not included in these comparisons, had the highest mean production and biomass values. Mean assemblage P/B was significantly higher in northern cold-water streams relative to southern cold-water and cool-water streams (p = .01). Species evenness in production declined with stream temperature and differed significantly across the lower latitude cold-water, cool-water and warm-water streams and the higher latitude (i.e. more northern) cold-water streams. Our fish assemblage production estimates and P/B ratios were both lower and higher compared to previously published estimates for similar stream habitats. This study provides empirical fish assemblage production estimates to inform future research on southern Appalachian streams and on the potential impacts of varying temperature regimes on cold-water, cool-water and warm-water fish production in the coming decades as climate change continues to threaten fish assemblages. K E Y W O R D Sassemblage composition, assemblage evenness, biomass, P/B ratios, secondary production

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The NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Designing a global assessment of climate change on inland fishes and fisheries: knowns and needs

Climate change poses an increasing threat to achieving development goals and is often considered in development plans and project designs. However, there have been challenges in the effective implementation of those plans, particularly in the sustained engagement of the communities to undertake adaptive actions, but also due to insufficient scientific information to inform management decisions. Madagascar is a country rich in natural capital and biodiversity but with high levels of poverty, food insecurity, population growth, and exploitation of natural resources. The country faces development and environmental challenges that may be intensified by climate change. The objective of this review is to provide a synthesis of the best-available information regarding climate change impacts on sectoral interests in Madagascar. To do this, we conducted a review of recent literature and conducted formal discussions with development agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders. Climate risks in Madagascar include increasing temperatures, reduced and more variable precipitation, more frequent droughts, more intense cyclones, and rising sea levels. We synthesized the observed and projected impacts of climate change on water resources, agriculture, human health, coastal ecosystems, fisheries, and terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem services, and we discuss ongoing climate adaptation and mitigation activities. Because sectoral challenges and opportunities are linked, coordination among development organizations would be beneficial as they create new climate adaptation and mitigation initiatives.RÉSUMÉ. Le changement climatique présente une menace croissante pour atteindre les objectifs de développement et est souvent pris en considération dans les plans de développement et les conceptions de projet. Toutefois, certains défis sont survenus dans la mise en oeuvre effective de ces plans, en particulier dans l'engagement durable des communautés à adopter des mesures d'adaptation, mais aussi en raison d'un manque d'information scientifique pour étayer les décisions de la direction. Malgré sa richesse en ressources naturelles et en biodiversité, Madagascar est un pays accablé par une grande pauvreté, l'insécurité alimentaire, une forte croissance démographique et l'exploitation de ses ressources naturelles. Le pays fait face à des défis en termes de développement et d'environnement qui pourraient être intensifiés par le changement climatique. Ce document a pour but de présenter une synthèse des meilleures informations disponibles concernant les impacts du changement climatique sur les intérêts sectoriels à Madagascar. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé une analyse des articles récemment publiés et organisé des entretiens formels avec des agences de développement, des organisations nongouvernementales (ONG) et d'autres parties prenantes. Les risques climatiques à Madagascar comprennent une hausse des températures, des précipitations plus rares et plus variables, des sécheresses plus fréquentes, des cyclones p...