The problems of waste management have become increasingly complex in recent decades. The increasing amount of generated waste, adopted legislation in the field of waste management, administrative issues, economic impacts and social awareness are important drivers in achieving a sustainable waste management system. However, in practice, there are many other drivers that are often mutually in conflict. The purpose of this research is to define the precise driver and their corresponding sub-drivers, which are relevant for developing a waste management system and, on the basis of their importance, to determine which has the predominant influence on the slow development of a waste management system at the national and regional level, within the Republic of Serbia and similar countries of southeast Europe. This research presents two levels of decision making: the first is a pair-wise comparison of the drivers in relation to the goal and the second is a pair-wise comparison of the sub-drivers in relation to the driver and in relation to the goal. Results of performed analyses on the waste management drivers were integrated via the decision-making process supported by an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The final results of this research shows that the Institutional-Administrative driver is the most important for developing a sustainable waste management system.
Summary
Biodiversity refers to genetic, species and ecosystems varieties within an area. Two main characteristics that should be investigated when considering biodiversity are richness and evenness. Richness is related to the number of different species in the analyzed area, while evenness corresponds to the homogeneity of the abundance of species. For quantifying these features, many indices have been defined, and this paper offers an overview of the most commonly used biodiversity indices, such as Shannon, Simpson, Margalef and Berger-Parker. The paper explains the process of calculating these indices on the case study example of four forest communities and discusses the results obtained. The Jaccard index analysis is used to discover a similarity between the analyzed forest communities. Results from this part of the research are visualized by creating appropriate dendrograms for making the interpretation easier. Calculating and analyzing these indices is useful not only for forest ecosystems, but for the other types of ecosystems as well, including agro-ecosystems. Biodiversity indices can be obtained in thespecialized software, for instance in EstimateS (Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples), or by programming in the statistical package R, as it was done in this research.
Sažetak: Ograničeni vodni resursi, rastući zahtevi za vodom i sve nepovoljniji klimatski uslovi doveli su do razvoja novih koncepata, sa ciljem procene potražnje i potrošnje vode na lokalnom i globalnom nivou. Koncepti koji se u novije vreme koriste pri rešavanju ovakvih problema su "vodni otisak" i "virtuelna trgovina vodom". Ciljevi ovog rada su: (1) da se odrede specifični zahtevi za vodom najvažnijih poljoprivrednih proizvoda u procesu međunarodne trgovine Srbije, (2) da se oceni mogućnost povećanja produktivnosti vode pri proizvodnji tih proizvoda i (3) da se proceni održivost vodnih resursa Srbije, na osnovu odnosa vode koju Srbija uvozi/izvozi tokom "virtuelne trgovine vodom". Izračunavanjem specifične potrošnje vode za pšenicu, kukuruz, suncokret, šećernu repu i soju i poređenjem sa specifičnom potrošnjom vode ovih kultura u drugim zemljama, utvrđeno je da postoji prostor da se unapredi korišćenje vode, npr. podešavanjem sortimenta ili promenama u tehnologiji gajenja. Na osnovu odnosa izračunatih izvezenih i uvezenih virtuelnih količina vode za period 1995-1999. godine i 2010-2013. godine, može se zaključiti Srbija izvozi više vode nego što uvozi. Čak i sa dodatnim porastom izvoza poljoprivrednih proizvoda neće doći do narušavanja vodne održivosti Srbije. Ključne reči: specifična potrošnja vode, virtuelna trgovina vodom, poljoprivredni proizvodi, produktivnost vode. Uvod Poljoprivreda je najveći potrošač vode na svetu sa prosečnom potrošnjom od oko 70% ukupnih voda (FAO, 2017). Ovaj procenat je u aridnim predelima znatno veći i ide do 89%, dok je u humidnim predelima značajno manji i varira od 20% u Rusiji, do 35-60% u tropskim i humidnim predelima (FAO, 2017). Sa porastom
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