Herein, a static mass and energy balance model of 430 stainless steel (SS) produced by the basic oxygen furnace (BOF)–argon oxygen decarburization furnace (AOD) process is established and verified by plant data. It is found that in the AOD, the energy input is efficiently utilized, the heat available for other uses is relatively low (4.0%), and the addition of SS scrap is limited. The high carbon content of dephosphorization hot metal (DPHM) and post‐combustion ratio (PCR) in AOD are conducive to promoting the recycling of SS scrap. In contrast, when the carbon content of DPHM and PCR is low, it is necessary to add an exothermic agent to the furnace. Due to the saving of nickel‐containing raw materials and China's high proportion of thermal power, the carbon emissions and energy consumption per ton 430 SS produced by the BOF–AOD process are 3131 kg‐CO2 and 24 161 MJ, which is much lower than per ton 304 SS produced by the electric arc furnace (EAF)–AOD process. Meaning the former is more conducive to the promotion of energy conservation and emission reduction.
Facility management (FM), from a service oriented approach, addresses the functions and requirements of different services such as energy management, space planning and security service. Different service requires different information to meet the needs arising from the service. Object-based Building Information Modeling (BIM) is limited to support FM services; though this technology is able to generate 3D models that semantically represent facility's information dynamically over the lifecycle of a building. This paper presents a semiotics-inspired framework to extend BIM from a service-oriented perspective. The extended BIM, which specifies FM services and required information, will be able to express building service information in the right format for the right purposes. The service oriented approach concerns pragmatic aspect of building's information beyond semantic level. The pragmatics defines and provides context for utilization of building's information. Semiotics theory adopted in this paper is to address pragmatic issues of utilization of BIM for FM services.
To clarify the influence factors and optimization direction of energy consumption of EAF steelmaking, this study established a complete mass and energy balance model, comprising infiltrated air and offgas flowrate measurement model and radiative and convective heat loss model, to forecast power and oxygen consumption. The influence of power supply, oxygen supply, carbon injection, infiltrated air, and hot metal charging on the power consumption of EAF is discussed. The results show that optimizing production parameters will effectively reduce power consumption, especially improve the infiltrated air flowrate when there are sufficient combustible gases, which is conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction. Additionally, due to the intensive energy and carbon input in the upstream process of hot metal production, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of hot metal charging EAF are much higher than those of 100% scrap charging EAF.
Built environment provides infrastructure and space that supports users' activities through facility services. Space provides the context in which services are constructed. Facility services management is facing challenges in information management that requires vast and heterogeneous information from design to operations of a building across various service systems. Building information modelling (BIM), an object-oriented modelling technology seeks to integrate information throughout the entire lifecycle of a building project. However, BIM is limited to meeting the needs of information arising from operation and management of facility services, and the requirements for BIM development are yet unclear. Though BIM building semantics can be enriched, but mainly focusing on building fabrics for design and build. BIM does not support the consideration of building operation activities and the context of building in-use. From a semiotic perspective, the lack of address in pragmatic and social aspects of a building project limits BIM as a through-life solution. This research deployed semiotics, a theory of signs, to analyse and develop BIM from an information system's point of view. Organizational semiotics is a sub-branch of semiotics, which ofers a set of methods that can enhance BIM to link building fabrics to facility service activities.
In order to improve the carbon powder utilization efficiency in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking process, the carbon powder mixed injection with shrouding supersonic oxygen jet (CMISSO) lance was designed. In this study, the effects of different central nozzle diameters and powder injection rates on the dynamic characteristics of CMISSO lance are studied by numerical simulation, and the reliability of numerical simulation is verified by cold test. The results show that when the diameter of the central nozzle is 10, 15 and 20 mm, the mixing distance is 0.18, 0.28 and 0.30 m. Depicting that 10 mm centre nozzle diameter is the easiest to merge the central jet and the shrouding jet. The application of CMISSO injection lance can effectively make the powder get together. In addition, the larger the powder flow, the larger the powder distribution range and the lower the utilization efficiency.
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