a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oEvaluating the substantive effectiveness of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is vital in order to know to what extent the tool fulfills its purposes and produces expected results. However, the studies that have evaluated the substantive effectiveness of SEA produce varying outcomes as regards the tool's contribution to decision-making and have used a variety of approaches to appraise its effectiveness. The aim of this article is to discuss the theoretical concept of SEA substantive effectiveness and to present a new approach that can be applied for evaluation studies. The SEA effectiveness evaluation framework that will be presented is composed of concepts of, and approaches to, SEA effectiveness derived from SEA literature and planning theory. Lessons for evaluation can be learned from planning theory in particular, given its long history of analyzing and understanding how sources of information and decisions affect (subsequent) decision-making. Key concepts of this new approach are 'conformance' and 'performance'. In addition, this article presents a systematic overview of process and context factors that can explain SEA effectiveness, derived from SEA literature. To illustrate the practical value of our framework for the assessment and understanding of substantive effectiveness of SEA, three Dutch SEA case studies are examined. The case studies have confirmed the usefulness of the SEA effectiveness assessment framework. The framework proved helpful in order to describe the cumulative influence of the three SEAs on decision-making and the ultimate plan.
The proposed adtions are to grant a right-of-way to Southwestern Public Service (SPS) for the construction of an overhead powerfine. and f o r SPS to construct a new replacement substation o f Department of Energy (DOE) managed lands at the Waste Isolation,Pilot Plant (WIPP). The W E proposes to fund both of these actions. (BLM), in accordance with the Memorandum of Understandins Between the U. S. Debarment of Enerw and the U. S. Denartment of the Interior, dated July 19, 1994, is preparing this EA to analyze these related actions, since the majority of the impacts of these actions would be experienced on ELM managed lands. and Lea Counties, New Mexico. The legal land description is: The poles wou1,d be spaced approximately 700 feet apart. Some of the structures will also include guy wires. The line will be used year round f o r a 30 year period. Length of the line will be 19.8 miles (104,544 feet) and will have a right-of-way width of 60 feet'. The majority of the line would parallel an existing powerfine and road right-of-way corridor (see attached map). The proposed new ring-bus substation would measure approximately 300 feet north to south and 160 feet east to west. The substation would be The powerfine would not traverse any A line. The structure for this line will be a 2-pole H frame wood poles. designed and constructed for 115,000 volt operation. The design would allow.for power to be supplied to the WIPP from either or both transmission lines (new line from Sand Dunes/Ochoa and existing line from No. 1/Potash JNC) and substation transformers. Two 13,800 volt underground feeders will be routed from the ring-bus substation-100 feet north, then west-150 feet, then south-100 feet to the WIPP'S existing SPS plant substation. The new substation would be enclosed by a chain link fence: 7 feet in height with 3-strand barbed wire, 45 degree security top slanted outward from the substation proper. If the new electrical facilities were approved and became operational, WIPP's existing temporary substation would then be demolished. Demolition would include removal of all equipment, concrete slabs, structures, fences, overhead 69,000 volt transmission lines, utility poles, and underground cable. Construction of the line and substation would be e pected to sometime in January of 1996 and would be completed by March of 1996. No temporary work areas would be required for this powerline project. The proposed action is 1) to grant a right-of-way to SPS for the construction of a 115 KV in accordance with the Standard Stipulations f o r Overhead Powerlines in the R m e l l District, ELM (refer to the Grant, Exhibit A) , and 2) for ttia SPS to construct a new substation of WIPP lands as described above. SPS would retain ownership and maintenance responsibilities for both the powerline and substation. B. The WIPP is anticipated to require increased electrical capacity, reliability, and operational flexibility. The existing, temporary single-feed WIPP substation and single power line does not provide a redundant power source and...
This book results from an initiative promoted by the International Water Resources Association, the third of a series of 'Water Forums' bringing together a small number of specialists to discuss relevant issues in water resources. Two previous water forums-the Middle East one in Cairo in 1993 and the Asian one in Bangkok in 1995-had also resulted in books (International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to the Nile (Oxford University Press, 1994) and Asian International Waters: from Ganges-Brahmaputra to Mekong (Oxford University Press, 1996)). The third Water Forum, held in São Paulo in 1997, was attended by 33 invited specialists, and resulted in a book with ten chapters, written by 15 authors, and a foreword by Professor Asit Biswas. Three major South American river basins are treated. Despite the focus of the water forums being on internationally shared basins, the book also addresses the São Francisco river, which drains 640,000 km 2 exclusively in Brazilian territory. Professor Biswas is well-known in the fields of water resources, impact assessment and environmental management. He has authored or edited dozens of books. Newton Cordeiro was a former official of the Organization of American States. Benedito
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