High-risk pregnancies affect a significant number of women each year. Limited information exists on how these women appraise the risk to their pregnancy. This descriptive study of expectant women who were medically categorized as high risk examined differences in women's self-appraisal of risk to themselves and their babies, based on hospitalization history, and differences among risk appraisals made by women and their health care providers. Women who were currently hospitalized had significantly lower self-appraised mother risk scores than both the women who were previously hospitalized and those never hospitalized. Women who were never hospitalized had significantly lower self-appraised baby risk scores than the women in both the currently and previously hospitalized groups. Women who were previously hospitalized scored highest on self-appraised risk to mother and risk to baby. Women reported significantly lower self-appraised risk to mother scores than their nurses.
Understanding the concept of family nursing intervention from the perspective of practicing nurses is essential for implementing a family-centered approach in the acute care context. Data from this qualitative study were analyzed using a colloquial concept analysis method derived from Rodgers' evolutionary theory. Five main attributes of family nursing interventions were identified. Family nursing interventions were viewed as a time-limited, collaborative process, initiated and/or facilitated by nurses and directed at either the individual or the family to solve problems. The antecedents of family nursing interventions were "family assessment," "the presence of a family-related problem," "willingness to participate (provider and family)" and a "supportive organizational structure." The most common consequences (outcomes) were identified as positive (good) or negative (bad) individual or family-related out-comes following a family nursing intervention. The analysis suggests that family nursing interventions are essential but variable in nature within nursing practice. In addition, the analysis implies a need for further inquiry in diverse settings to define the concept and test relationships between the antecedents and outcomes to advance nurses' translational knowledge of culturally appropriate family nursing interventions.
The nature of family research is such that several family members may be asked to comment on identical items. The purpose of this article is to discuss several approaches for analysis of multiple respondent data applicable to family research. Analysis techniques will focus on one dependent variable. Of special consideration in analysis of multiple respondent data is the violation of statistical assumptions, specifically, the assumption of sphericity. One method of handling this assumption violation will be addressed. An example from a recent family-focused study will be provided to demonstrate differences in significance obtained through use of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated measures ANOVA, and Hotellings T 2 .The nature of family research is such that the perceptions, opinions, and behaviors of a number of people within the family are often the focus of research questions. Several family members may be asked to comment on identical items.
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