Implications of Psychoactive ‘Bath Salts’ Use During Pregnancy

Gray, Bobbe Ann; Holland, Cindra

doi:10.1111/1751-486x.12123

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Similarly, women may use khat chewing as a reason for establishing close relationships with their spouse and peers while they become pregnant [11]. Although Khat has short term stimulant and euphoric effects, it has linked to long term consequences which can produce biological, social or psychological impact on the mother and fetus [12,13] and it is highly recommended to be totally avoided during pregnancy [14][15][16]. Khat chewing also results in adverse pregnancy outcomes such as sexual difficulties, lowering libidos, decreasing food intake, decreasing of utro-placental blood flow which may result in teratogenic effects, impairment of fetal growth and low birth weight [12,[17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnitude of Khat use and associated factors among women attending antenatal care in Gedeo zone health centers, southern Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study

2020

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Background: Khat (Catha edulis) is a fresh green leave commonly chewed for recreational purpose and its euphoric effect as a result of dopamine activities stimulation effect of Khat. Women may use Khat during their pregnancy to tolerate their pregnancy related distress. Khat has biological, social or psychological complications; adverse pregnancy outcomes and negatively affects the health of the mother and the fetus. However, magnitude, pattern and associated factors of Khat use are not well addressed among pregnant women in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to address this gap by assessing the magnitude and associated factors of Khat use among women attending antenatal care service at Gedeo zone rural health centers. Methods: This was a facility based cross-sectional study conducted at rural health centers in Gedeo zone from June 1 st to August 1 st , 2017. The data were collected through structured interview using an interview guide developed from different literatures. A total of 718 pregnant women attending antenatal care service participated in the study using multi stage sampling technique. Bivariable and multivariable analysis were used to identify associated factors of Khat use among women during their current pregnancy period. In the multivariable analysis, variables with P-Values of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant correlates of Khat use. The strength of the association was also measured with adjusted odds ratio at a corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results: The lifetime and current prevalence of khat use among pregnant women were 11.0% (95%CI: 8.8-13.2) and 9.9% (95% CI: 7.7-12), respectively. The odds of being khat user was higher among those who had khat user partner [AOR = 3.450, 95% C.I (1.907-6.244)], respondents with alcohol use behavior [AOR = 3.235, 95% C.I (1.573-6.659)] and mental distress [AOR = 3.575, 95% C.I (2.067-6.189)]. Conclusion: Significant proportions of pregnant women were experiencing khat chewing during pregnancy. Having khat user partner, alcohol use behavior and metal distress were significantly associated with khat use of pregnant women. This demonstrates a need to integrate the prevention, early identification and intervention of Khat use as a component of treatment modality for pregnant women during their antenatal visit.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnitude of Khat use and associated factors among women attending antenatal care in Gedeo zone health centers, southern Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study

2020

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“…Los efectos se hacen evidentes a partir de 3 mg y la dosis promedio oscila entre 5 y 20 mg; sin embargo, en una sesión tipo atracón (binge) los usuarios pueden consumir hasta 500 mg. El pico máximo de efectos se alcanza alrededor de los 60 minutos después del consumo, aunque puede variar según la vía de administración (Gray & Holland, 2014). La forma más común de consumo es por aspiración nasal, pero también pueden administrase por vía oral, intramuscular o intravenosa (Prosser & Nelson, 2012).…”

Section: Catinonas Sintéticasunclassified

“…No obstante, existen algunos reportes preliminares sobre el consumo durante la gestación y se ha visto que las catinonas disminuyen el flujo sanguíneo intrauterino, por lo que los niños tienen bajo peso y talla al nacer, además de que pueden presentar síndrome neonatal de abstinencia caracterizado por hipertonía, hiperactividad y llanto agudo (Gray & Holland, 2014).…”

Section: Catinonas Sintéticasunclassified

Las nuevas drogas: origen, mecanismos de acción y efectos. Una revisión de la literatura

Campo¹,

García²

2015

RIIAD

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Introduction: emerging psychoactive substances generically known as new drugs, designer drugs or "legal highs" are available in the market. Objective: this review presents the main features of these compounds, the effects they produce and what is known about their mechanisms of action in order to inform clinicians and researchers that work in the field of addiction. Method: search of available literature on the development, mechanisms of action, clinical effects and market of synthetic cathinones and cannabinoids, and krokodil. Results: it is estimated that there are over 450 such substances; most of them are amphetamine-like drugs, in particular synthetic cathinones (powerful stimulants known as "bath salts") or synthetic cannabinoids (sold as "herbal mixtures" or "environmental incense"); there are also some opioids and hallucinogens. These substances have in common that they avoid regulatory systems, are difficult to detect in drug-screening tests, and are sold as "legal" alternatives to known drugs, research compounds or alleged dietary supplements. The sources for epidemiological surveillances are, among others, data from emergency services and seizures of new psychoactive substances in different countries. Marketing strategies include the sale in packages labeled "not for human consumption", which are used to evade sanitary control systems. They are sold in small shops and by electronic means. Discussion and conclusions: there is insufficient research about their effects but, when available, it shows that they are clearly deleterious.

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“…However, marked geographical differences can be observed even within Europe (for country specific reports see: Szily and Bitter, 2013 ; Kriikku et al, 2015 ; Adamowicz et al, 2016 ; Odoardi et al, 2016 ; Sande, 2016 ; Romanek et al, 2017 ). Although most reports on the prevalence of NPS usage state that the majority of the users are males (Beck et al, 2017 ; Romanek et al, 2017 ), there have been case reports on synthetic cathinone abuse among women in pregnancy (Gray and Holland, 2014 ; Pichini et al, 2014 ). NPS are generally used by socially marginalized and otherwise high-risk groups during pregnancy (Minnes et al, 2011 ; EMCDDA, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute injection of MDPV increases locomotor activity both in rats (Gatch et al, 2013 ) and in mice (Fantegrossi et al, 2013 ; Gannon et al, 2017 ), and it also enhances stress-related behavior and wakeful activity in day-old domestic chicks (Zsedényi et al, 2014 ). Although more and more information is being gathered about MDPV and other frequently used synthetic cathinones, apart from the above mentioned case reports (Gray and Holland, 2014 ; Pichini et al, 2014 ), the literature still lacks data about the effect of these substances on maternal care, maternal behavior as well as on newborn pups/babies. Investigation into these questions would be important not just because women in childbearing age can be found among the users of synthetic cathinones (see above) but some relevant data also suggest potential negative consequences of synthetic cathinone abuse during pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational Exposure to the Synthetic Cathinone Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Results in Reduced Maternal Care and Behavioral Alterations in Mouse Pups

et al. 2018

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The member of synthetic cathinone family, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), is a frequently used psychoactive drug of abuse. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of MDPV (administered from the 8th to the 14th day of gestation) on the behavior of neonatal and adolescent mice, as well as its effect on maternal care. We measured maternal care (pup retrieval test, nest building), locomotor activity (open field test), and motor coordination (grip strength test) of dams, whereas on pups we examined locomotor activity at postnatal day 7 and day 21 (open field test) and motor coordination on day 21 (grip strength test). On fresh-frozen brain samples of the dams we examined the expression of two important peptides implicated in the regulation of maternal behavior and lactation: tuberoinfundibular peptide 39 (TIP39) mRNA in the thalamic posterior intralaminar complex, and amylin mRNA in the medial preoptic nucleus. We detected decreased birth rate and survival of offspring, and reduced maternal care in the drug-treated animals, whereas there was no difference between the motility of treated and control mothers. Locomotor activity of the pups was increased in the MDPV treated group both at 7 and 21 days of age, while motor coordination was unaffected by MDPV treatment. TIP39 and amylin were detected in their typical location but failed to show a significant difference of expression between the drug-treated and control groups. The results suggest that chronic systemic administration of the cathinone agent MDPV to pregnant mice can reduce birth rate and maternal care, and it also enhances motility (without impairment of motor coordination) of the offspring.

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Implications of Psychoactive ‘Bath Salts’ Use During Pregnancy

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Magnitude of Khat use and associated factors among women attending antenatal care in Gedeo zone health centers, southern Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study

Magnitude of Khat use and associated factors among women attending antenatal care in Gedeo zone health centers, southern Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study

Las nuevas drogas: origen, mecanismos de acción y efectos. Una revisión de la literatura

Gestational Exposure to the Synthetic Cathinone Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Results in Reduced Maternal Care and Behavioral Alterations in Mouse Pups

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