The authors have constructed an array of 12 piezoelectric ejectors for printing biological materials. A single-ejector footprint is 8 mm in diameter, standing 4 mm high with 2 reservoirs totaling 76 µL. These ejectors have been tested by dispensing various fluids in several environmental conditions. Reliable drop ejection can be expected in both humidity-controlled and ambient environments over extended periods of time and in hot and cold room temperatures. In a prototype system, 12 ejectors are arranged in a rack, together with an X-Y stage, to allow printing any pattern desired. Printed arrays of features are created with a biological solution containing bovine serum albumin-conjugated oligonucleotides, dye, and salty buffer. This ejector system is designed for the ultra-high-throughput generation of arrays on a variety of surfaces. These single or racked ejectors could be used as long-term storage vessels for materials such as small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, or cell libraries, which would allow for efficient preprogrammed selection of individual clones and greatly reduce the chance of cross-contamination and loss due to transfer. A new generation of design ideas includes plastic injection-molded ejectors that are inexpensive and disposable and handheld personal pipettes for liquid transfer in the nanoliter regime. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2004:85-94)
Programming environments have evolved from purely text based to using graphical user interfaces, and now we see a move toward web-based interfaces, such as Jupyter. Web-based interfaces allow for the creation of interactive documents that consist of text and programs, as well as their output. The output can be rendered using web technology as, for example, text, tables, charts, or graphs. This approach is particularly suitable for capturing data analysis workflows and creating interactive educational material. This article describes SWISH, a web front-end for Prolog that consists of a web server implemented in SWI-Prolog and a client web application written in JavaScript. SWISH provides a web server where multiple users can manipulate and run the same material, and it can be adapted to support Prolog extensions. In this article we describe the architecture of SWISH, and describe two case studies of extensions of Prolog, namely Probabilistic Logic Programming and Logic Production System, which have used SWISH to provide tutorial sites.
Logic and object-orientation (OO) are competing ways of looking at the world. Both view the world in terms of individuals. But logic focuses on the relationships between individuals, and OO focuses on the use of hierarchical classes of individuals to structure information and procedures. In this paper, I investigate the similarities and differences between OO and abductive logic programming multi-agent systems (ALP systems) and argue that ALP systems can combine the advantages of logic with the main benefits of OO.In ALP systems, relationships between individuals are contained in a shared semantic structure and agents interact both with one another and with the environment by performing observations and actions. In OO systems, on the other hand, relationships are associated with objects and are represented by attribute-value pairs. Interaction between objects is performed by sending and receiving messages.I argue that logic can be reconciled with OO by combining the hierarchical, modular structuring of information and procedures by means of objects/agents, with a shared semantic structure, to store relationships among objects/individuals, accessed by observations and actions instead of by message passing.
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