This paper presents a conceptual Mars Exploration Vehicle (MEV) architecture, which includes a Mars Crew Transfer Vehicle (MCTV) with a crew of four, and two unmanned Mars Lander Transfer Vehicles (MLTVs). The MCTV and MLTVs are assembled in low Earth orbit (LEO) from modules launched by six Space Launch System (SLS) rockets. The MCTV and MLTVs individually escape from LEO, transit to Mars, brake into Mars orbit using propulsion (MCTV and MLTVs) and aerobraking (MLTVs only). The MLTVs deliver landers to the MCTV in low Mars orbit (LMO). Each MLTV includes an EarthDeparture stage (EDS), Mars Transfer Stage (MTS), MEV Service Module (MSM), and two landers: A Mars Personnel Lander (MPL) provides two-way transport of the four crewmembers between LMO and the surface. Three unmanned Mars Cargo Landers (MCLs) provide oneway cargo transportation and the functionalities of habitat and rover. The four landers are assembled on the surface to form a base. The MCTV includes three EDS, two MTS, and the following: (1) The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) transports the crew from Earth to LEO, provides propulsion, and returns the crew to Earth after completion of a nominal mission or in aborts. (2) Three Deep Space Vehicles (DSVs) provide life support consumables, passive biological radiation shielding, crew habitation space, and propulsion. The DSVs are modified MCL habitat landers. (3) An Artificial Gravity Module (AGM) allows the MCTV to rotate and generate artificial gravity for the crew and provides photovoltaic power generation and deep space communications. A miniature magnetosphere (Mini-Mag), a potential key enabler for human interplanetary exploration, is electromagnetically generated on the AGM and provides active crew biological radiation shielding. The MEV architecture incorporates significant modularity and could provide an economical approach to achieve progressively more ambitious "stepping stone" missions along a "flexible path" for human exploration of the solar system: starting with test flights in Earth and lunar orbit and progressing through missions to near-Earth asteroids and the moons of Mars, and culminating in the Mars landing mission. Nomenclature AGM = Artificial Gravity Module MCTV = Mars Crew Transfer Vehicle BAS = BRV Adaptor Structure (DSV2 to BRV1) MLA = MTS Launch Adaptor BRV = Booster Refueling Vehicle MLTV = Mars Lander Transfer Vehicle DSV = Deep Space Vehicle (DSV1, 2, 3) MOLA = Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter EAS = EDS Adaptor Structure (EDS1,5-DSV2,3) MPCV = Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle EDA = EDS Docking Assembly (EDS1, 5 Fwd.) MPL = Mars Personnel Lander EDS = Earth Departure Stage (EDS1, 2, 3, 4, 5) MRA =
The modulational instability of broadband optical pulses in a four-state atomic system is investigated. In particular, starting from a recently derived generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation, a wave-kinetic equation is derived. A comparison between coherent and random phase wave states is made. It is found that the spatial spectral broadening can contribute to the nonlinear stability of ultra-short optical pulses. In practical terms, this could be achieved by using random phase plate techniques.
This paper presents a conceptual Mars Exploration Vehicle (MEV) architecture, which includes two unmanned Mars Lander Transfer Vehicles (MLTVs) and a Mars Crew Transfer Vehicle (MCTV) with a crew of four. The MLTVs and MCTV are assembled in low Earth orbit (LEO) from modules launched by four Space Launch System (SLS) and five Delta IV Heavy rockets. The MLTVs and MCTV individually escape from LEO, transit to Mars, brake into Mars orbit using propulsion and aerobraking, and rendezvous and dock in low Mars orbit (LMO). Each MLTV includes an Earth Departure stage (EDS), Mars Transfer Stage (MTS), Lander Service Module (LSM), and two landers: A Mars Personnel Lander (MPL) provides two-way crew transportation between LMO and the surface. Three unmanned Mars Cargo Landers (MCLs) provide one-way cargo transportation and the functionalities of habitats (MCL-H) (2) and rover (MCL-R). The landers rendezvous and assemble on the surface to form a base. The MCTV includes two EDS, two MTS, and the following: (1) The Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) transports the crew from Earth to LEO, provides propulsion, and returns the crew to Earth after nominal mission completion or in aborts. (2) Three Deep Space Vehicles (DSVs) provide life support consumables, passive biological radiation shielding, crew habitation space, and propulsion. The DSV design was derived from the MCL-H. (3) An Artificial Gravity Module (AGM) allows the MCTV to rotate and generate artificial gravity for the crew and provides photo-voltaic power generation and deep space communications. A miniature magnetosphere (Mini-Mag), a potential key enabler for human interplanetary exploration, is electromagnetically generated on the AGM and provides active crew biological radiation shielding. The MEV architecture is based on many existing or near-term technologies. It incorporates significant modularity and could provide an economical approach to achieve progressively more ambitious stepping stone missions along a flexible path for human solar system exploration: starting with test flights in Earth and lunar orbit and progressing through missions to nearEarth asteroids and the moons of Mars, and culminating in the Mars landing mission.
After a brief history and critique of some older instruments, several new Levitron geometries are described. As a result of their greater stability these devices can be used as analogues of a number of phenomena and applications, including magnetic resonance techniques, atom traps and accelerator rings. In particular, the notion of the spinning magnet (or spignet) in a linear trap is similar to the mechanism underpinning the confinement of antihydrogen in a magnetic minimum trap, as achieved in experiments at CERN.
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