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During an earthquake, released elastic strain energy rel E U is converted to the energy conv E U required to advance the rupture and to overcome the frictional resistance to slip on the trailing fault (see Table 1 for notation used in this paper). The rest radiates away as elastodynamic waves rad E U that produce ground shaking. rad E U is the only quantity that can be directly measured and generally comprises less than 15%-20% of rel E U (e.g., Lachenbruch &

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