To identify and quantify the effects of a combination of dietary 1 × 10 8 CFU/g Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis I2 (LI 2) and 0.1% β-glucooligosaccharides (BGO) on the growth and immunity of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a feeding experiment was conducted. Flounder (14 ± 0.5 g) were divided into two groups and fed control and synbiotic feeds for 8 weeks. Investigations were carried out on growth and feed utilization, innate immunity, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal lactic acid bacterial (LAB) viability, microvillus length, and changes in the expression levels of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6). Results demonstrated the synbiotic diet had significantly better (p < 0.05) responses in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate, three innate immune parameters (respiratory burst, serum lysozyme, and superoxide dismutase), intestinal LAB viability, and the relative TNF-α expression level (p < 0.05). Moreover, after challenge with Streptococcus iniae (1 × 10 8 CFU/ml), the synbiotically fed group exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) protection against streptococcosis, validating the observed changes in immune parameters and induction of the cytokine-encoding gene. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, synbiotic feed (LI 2 + BGO) increased growth, modulated innate immune parameters and protected olive flounder against streptococcosis.
This study investigated the improvement of drop reliability of OSP (organic solderability preservatives) pad finished packages having half etched solder ball pads. Besides the effect of the Cu pad etching depth, effects of other factors such as solder composition or reflow peak temperature on drop reliability were examined by the bending impact test and drop test. The bending impact test results showed that the increase of etching depth at the solder ball pad increased the drop reliability because of the fracture mode transition from solder/pad interface failure to solder bulk failure, but that the increase of reflow peak temperature decreased the drop reliability. The drop test results showed that the increase of the etching depth at the solder ball pad increased the drop reliability without the fracture mode transition, and that the change of the solder composition from Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu to Sn1.2Ag0.5Cu0.05Ni increased the drop reliability and shifted the fracture mode from interface failure to the bulk failure. The optimal conditions for the drop reliability improvement are presented in terms of the etching depth at the solder ball pad, the reflow peak temperature, and the solder composition.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate middle-aged drivers' driving performance and heart-rate as the behavior and physiological changes due to intersection types in left-turn situation. Background: In Korea, the drivers were aged 40~50s are most plentiful. In addition, the intersection traffic accidents are increasing every year. However, the researches for middle-aged drivers and intersection environments have been little. Method: In this study, three kinds of left-turning intersection types(T1, T2, T3) was used as the within-subject independent variables, three age groups(young, middle-aged, elderly) was used as the between-subject independent variables. Also, passing time, approaching velocity, speed and steering variations and heart-rate were used as dependent variables. Results: Overall, middle-aged drivers' driving behaviors were similar to those of the younger drivers. At the T2 intersection type, however, the approaching velocity of middle-aged drivers was similar to younger drivers, whereas the passing time of middle-aged drivers was similar to elderly drivers. Conclusion: These results could be interpreted that a transition driving behavior of middle-aged drivers in terms of age would be appeared on the T2 intersection type. Application: The results might help to understand the characteristics of driving behavior for middle-aged drivers.
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