Nursing in Spain and its specialties experienced important formative and legislative changes from the past century to the present. Objective: To analyze the current Spanish legislation on training evolution in nursing and specialties, from the dawn of the XX-XXI century. 3. er Cuatrimestre 2018 • Año XXII-N.° 52 Method: Descriptive bibliographical review. The following were consulted: Medline databases, Dialnet, Scielo, ScienceDirect; manuals; and official documents. Inclusion criteria: Original articles on training and legislation; text complete; language (English, Spanish and Portuguese); documents published between 2005 and 2017; Study period between XX and XXI century. Exclusion criteria: duplicate items; jobs not adjusted to the objective; nor to the period of study. Results: The recognition of the nursing profession in Spain (1915) initiated a formative and legislative process, together with the evolution experienced by the nursing specialties and their accreditation. Conclusions: During the 20th century, Spanish nursing was marked by major formative and legislative changes, such as the official creation of the Nursing Degree, the appearance of Technical Health Assistants (ATS) and later University Diploma Nurses (DUE). Currently, the training is developed by University Degree that allows access to master's and doctorate. In parallel, the nurse specialization experienced notable changes in the naming of the specialties and their access.
The resolution of health problems in the population, as well as the assistance to injured people during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1938), were achieved in the Insurgent and republican fronts by national and international organizations. That health care was extremely demanded. Objective: To know the social and health 1. er Cuatrimestre 2019 • Año XXII-N.° 53 with Spain during the war; 2) health professionals and volunteers who cared and were taught in health during 1936-39. Results: Whereas the insurgent camp was assisted by the Red Cross, Falange's nurses and volunteers without health training, the republican camp was helped by the Red Cross, International Brigades, International Red Aid and also feminist associations. Conclusions: The Civil War was marked by a huge number of injured, nevertheless, all the health professionals and volunteers dispensed health care with courage and dedication, even in spite of the danger. They were able to assistance each people with humanity.
Introduction: Breastfeeding throughout time has regulated the way of establishing relationships, crossing social and religious boundaries. The legal-religious and medical regulation of Andalusian breastfeeding is a subject that has been little explored, although it continues to this day in Islamic societies. Objectives: 1) To determine the legal-religious repercussion of breastfeeding in the 10th-15th centuries and its implications for Muslim society today; 2) To examine the different functions of the Andalusian wet nurse; 3) To establish the social valuation of the wet nurse through her professionalization. Methodology: Historical-narrative review. Databases and primary sources were consulted. Documentary selection followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: From birth, sacred texts regulate the rights of mother, father, wet nurse and newborn. Kinships are legislated that will regulate for life the wet-nurse and the infant; the kinship of milk is equated to that of
Resumen: Introducción: El envejecimiento puede generar una situación de dependencia creando la necesidad de cuidados atendidos por cuidadores/as informales, figuras importantes para satisfacer las necesidades básicas de esa población mayor. Los cuidadores/as informales son relevantes para la sociedad por su labor en referencia al cuidado. Por tanto, es importante incidir en su resiliencia como factor protector asociado al cuidado y reforzarlo con políticas sociales. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática para analizar la resiliencia como factor protector en la salud del cuidador/a informal que está al cuidado de personas mayores dependientes. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática desde el enfoque PRISMA y el método PICO. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica desde marzo a enero de 2021 en las bases de datos de Pubmed, Web of Science y SciELO. Se revisaron sistemáticamente los artículos científicos relacionados con la resiliencia asociados a la salud del cuidador/a informal en base a una serie de criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron descriptores DeCS y MesH con el operador booleano "AND" y "OR" y palabras clave como "cuidado", "cuidador informal", "dependencia", "envejecimiento" y "resiliencia". Resultados: Inicialmente se han encontrado 936 estudios. Una vez aplicados los criterios de inclusión la muestra ha quedado conformada por 9 artículos científicos. La resiliencia es un factor protector asociada a la salud del cuidador informal que conlleva un aumento de la calidad de vida tanto física como mental. Conclusiones. Cuidar a quien cuida es importante para que la sociedad se vea indirectamente reforzada en esta ardua tarea. Las investigaciones sobre la resiliencia asociadas al cuidado son de vital interés a todos los niveles (social, económico, particular) y se puede considerar como una estrategia social a la hora de proteger la salud y el bienestar del cuidador/a informal.
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