High-intensity functional training (HIFT), which temporally combines aerobic and resistance exercise at high intensities, is growing in popularity because of its efficiency in improving health and fitness. Although participants report greater enjoyment during HIFT compared with traditional aerobic and/or resistance exercise training modalities, no studies have investigated affective responses to HIFT. We hypothesized HIFT would result in greater affective responses (i.e., arousal and pleasure) compared with moderate continuous training (MCT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Seven participants (2 male and 5 female; 20.6 Ϯ 3.2 years) completed 3 sessions of each exercise modality in a blocked, within-subjects cross-over design with affective arousal (Felt Activation Scale) and valence (Feelings Scale) assessed preexercise, during exercise, and postexercise. The Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List was also administered pre-and postexercise. Perceived exertion increased across each modality (ϩ97% for both HIIT and HIFT and ϩ52% for MCT immediately postexercise) but remained elevated following the cooldown period for only HIFT and HIIT. Although affect increases did not differ across exercise modalities, inspection of the circumplex model of affect indicated that HIFT and HIIT shifted participants from a state of calmness to energy, whereas during MCT they remained in the calmness quadrant. Further, in contrast to HIIT, the slope of the affective response to HIFT continued to increase in pleasure and arousal until the end of the workouts. The affective responses observed in the present study may be because of the ability of participants to self-regulate their level of effort within HIFT.
Background Many individuals access and share health information on social networking sites. Previous studies have analyzed the social media site Twitter to discern public opinion related to health phenomena such as antibiotics, concussions, and flu. Physical therapy-related online discussions have not been studied. Objective The aim of this study was to explore content, participants, and structure of physical therapy-related discussions on Twitter. Design This study was observational. Methods Over 12 weeks, more than 30,000 physical therapy-related tweets were collected. A random sample of 100 tweets underwent preliminary analysis to determine broad categories including tweet author, tone, and theme. A second random sample of 100 tweets was analyzed to confirm categories. Once categories were established, a new sample of 1000 tweets was randomly selected for analysis and categorization. All study investigators categorized a shared collection of tweets to establish inter- and intrarater agreement. Twitter conversations were visualized using NodeXL. Results Intrarater and interrater agreement for tweet categorization was 95% and 89%, respectively. The distribution of the intended audience was 35.5% professional, 35.5% broad reach, and 29% public. The gross distribution of tweet tone was 63.1% neutral, 31.4% positive, and 5.6% negative. Twenty-eight percent of tweets were authored by physical therapists/physical therapist assistants and nearly one-half were categorized as “marketing.” Tweets tended to be “isolated,” not within a conversation, or consist of conversation within “tight crowds.” Limitations This study was purely observational. Social media content can be highly influenced by temporal events, which limits the generalization of specific findings. Conclusions Study results indicate that the reach of physical therapy-related tweets may not be as broad as intended by the author. Physical therapy professionals and the hospitals/clinics that employ them may need to implement strategies to be more intentional in reaching a broader audience with online messages.
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