BackgroundThe gut microbiota is playing more important roles in host immune regulation than was initially expected. Since many benefits of microbes are highly strain-specific and their mechanistic details remain largely elusive, further identification of new probiotic bacteria with immunoregulatory potentials is of great interest.ResultsWe have screened our collection of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for their efficacy in modulating host immune response. Some LAB are characterized by suppression of TNF-α induction when LAB culture supernatants are added to THP-1 cells, demonstrating the LAB’s anti-inflammatory potential. These suppressive materials were not inactivated by heat or trypsin. On the other hand, treatment of THP-1 directly with live bacterial cells identified a group of pro-inflammatory LAB, which stimulated significant production of TNF-α. Among those, we chose the Lactobacillus reuteri BM36301 as an anti-inflammatory strain and the L. reuteri BM36304 as a pro-inflammatory strain, and further studied their in vivo effects. We supplied C57BL/6 mice with these bacteria in drinking water while feeding them a standard diet for 20 weeks. Interestingly, these L. reuteri strains evoked different consequences depending on the gender of the mice. That is, males treated with anti-inflammatory BM36301 experienced less weight gain and higher testosterone level; females treated with BM36301 maintained lower serum TNF-α as well as healthy skin with active folliculogenesis and hair growth. Furthermore, while males treated with pro-inflammatory BM36304 developed higher serum levels of TNF-α and insulin, in contrast females did not experience such effects from this bacteria strain.ConclusionThe L. reuteri BM36301 was selected as an anti-inflammatory strain in vitro. It helped mice maintain healthy conditions as they aged. These findings propose the L. reuteri BM36301 as a potential probiotic strain to improve various aspects of aging issues.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0686-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The subject of drug utilization review (OUR) applications can be viewed both as a process and from the standpoint of application of criteria. The process of OUR can be applied in a variety of settings and circumstances; in most cases it can be viewed as an ongoing audit and facilitating process that has the goal of promoting the safest, most effective, and cost-efficient use of pharmaceuticals. There are several definitions of different types of processes in OUR that should be considered.Prospective and concurrent OUR allows an opportunity to modify the patient's prescription, if warranted, and may be carried out in either an outpatient or inpatient setting. In the outpatient setting, prospective OUR occurs before a prescription is dispensed to the patient. Currently, this would be at the point of sale of the prescription in the pharmacy; prospective OUR could also occur before dispensing if the physician were prescribing on-line. In the institutional setting, similarly, the drug order could be modified before dispensing or even at the time of prescribing, either by on-line feedback, which occurs in some settings abroad, or in settings where therapeutic decisions are discussed in multidisciplinary rounds (concurrent review).Retrospective OUR is "a process that occurs after the drug has been dispensed"t and "provides for the ongoing periodic examination of claims data and other records."] The application of OUR criteria may be specific to particular settings, patients, or drug types either in general or with respect to individual drugs.OUR criteria are based on judgments about behavior in the choice, prescribing, dispensing, and actual use (by a patient) of a pharmaceutical agent. These judgments can be developed by examination of empir-
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NOTICE:The authors and publisher ofthis book have, as far as it is possible to do so, taken care to make certain that recommendations regarding treatment and use of drugs are correct and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time ofpublication. However, knowledge in allergy is constantly changing. As new information becomes available, changes in treatment and in the use of drugs may become necessary. The reader is urged to consult his or her physician for professional advice in dealing with any serious or potentially serious allergic problem.
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