Adipose-derived stem cells are an excellent source of multipotent cells and are capable of advancing current tissue engineering methodologies. These data show that adipose-derived stem cells remain viable under adverse conditions of low glucose, glutamine, and oxygen concentrations. However, there are variable levels of differentiation in the various culture conditions, which could lead to challenges in de novo osteogenesis and other forms of tissue engineering. Therefore, these results should be used in developing specific strategies to ensure successful application of adipose-derived stem cells in bone engineering and similar applications.
Transient ischemic dilation (TID) in the setting of abnormal stress-rest cardiac SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has been linked with increased cardiovascular risk. However, the significance of TID in the setting of an otherwise normal SPECT MPI study has not been clearly established. In this study, cardiac CT was used to evaluate the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with TID of the left ventricle with or without associated myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT MPI. Methods:The study population consisted of 1,553 consecutive patients who had undergone both cardiac CT and SPECT MPI within 1 mo between January 1, 2006, and September 1, 2011. Patients included in the study group had a pathologic TID value defined as ≥1.18 for men and ≥1.22 for women. Coronary CT angiography was used to evaluate each coronary segment for the presence and composition of atherosclerotic plaque and the degree of coronary stenosis. TID-positive patients were compared with a 2:1 risk-factor-matched-pair control cohort without TID. Results: TID was identified in 30 patients who were compared with TID-negative risk-factor-matched controls (n 5 60). When compared with the TID-negative control cohort, TID-positive patients had no significant differences in the presence and extent of atherosclerosis, the degree of coronary artery stenosis, or the calcium score at cardiac CT. Similarly, there were no significant differences in these CT measures in TID-positive patients with a normal perfusion study (n 5 20) when compared with TID-negative patients with a normal perfusion study (n 5 48). In addition, there was no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse cardiac events when comparing both the TID-positive patients and the TIDnegative control cohort and when comparing patients who were TID-positive with normal perfusion with patients who were TID-negative with normal perfusion. Conclusion: The presence of TID with an otherwise normal SPECT MPI study does not translate into a greater extent of coronary artery disease as assessed by cardiac CT or increased risk for future major adverse cardiac events. Tr ansient ischemic dilation (TID) on stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is defined as the apparent presence of left ventricular (LV) dilation on poststress relative to rest images. Several mechanisms for this phenomenon have been proposed, however, there is no clear consensus as to the pathophysiology resulting in the finding of TID (1-5). Previous studies have suggested that TID in the context of reversible myocardial perfusion defects is associated with increased risk of severe, extensive multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) (1,6,7). TID in the setting of an abnormal SPECT MPI study has also been linked with increased cardiovascular risk and poor cardiovascular outcomes (8-11). However, the significance of TID in the setting of an otherwise normal SPECT MPI study has not been clearly established. It is thought that TID in the setting of an other...
Purpose. Transduction of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells with adenoviral vectors for in vivo and in vitro applications has been limited by the low to absent levels of coxackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR). This study investigates the potential use of low doses of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, depsipeptide (FR901228), currently in Phase II human trials, to enhance adenoviral uptake in six rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Methods. Differences in adenoviral uptake in the presence and absence of depsipeptide (FR901228) were assessed using an adenoviral construct tagged with green fluorescent protein. Changes in CAR and a v integrin expression RMS in response to pretreatment with depsipeptide (FR901128) was determined using RT-PCR. Results. Pretreatment of five of six RMS cell lines with 0.5 ng/ml of depsipeptide (FR901228) for 72 h resulted in increased viral uptake as assessed by green fluorescent protein expression. RT-PCR analysis for CAR showed that in four of these five cell lines, CAR expression was increased 2.8-8.1-fold in cells treated with depsipeptide (FR901228) as compared to control. a v integrin expression was substantially increased in the one cell line, RH5, which showed increased GFP expression in response to depsipeptide (FR901228) pretreatment but a minimal increase in CAR expression. Conclusions. Depsipeptide (FR901228) can be used as a vehicle to enhance adenoviral transduction in a majority of RMS cells. The mechanism of increased viral uptake appears to mediate via upregulation of CAR.
A52-y-ol d woman with a history of invasive ductal carcinoma had undergone right mastectomy, right axillary lymph node dissection, and breast reconstruction. Two of six axillary lymph nodes were positive for ductal carcinoma at surgery, and the patient was staged pT2 pN1a Mx. A one-month follow-up chest CT scan showed multiple left-sided pleural-based nodules suggestive of metastatic disease. PET/CT, which was performed to further characterize these nodules, did not demonstrate significant 18 F-FDG uptake within them or evidence of metastatic disease (Fig. 1). In the process of formulating a differential diagnosis for these nodules, it was discovered that, as a child, the patient had sustained an accidental gunshot wound. The possibility of thoracic splenosis was suggested, and a 99m Tc-labeled heat-denatured red blood cell (DRBC) scan was ordered to confirm the origin of these conspicuous pleural-based nodules.A blood sample was drawn into a vial containing anticoagulant (acid citrate dextrose) labeled with 370 MBq (10 mCi) of 99m Tc-pertechnetate and heat-denatured by submersion in a 49.5°C (60.5°C) water bath for 20 min. Standard quality control analyses were completed. The radiolabeled autologous DRBCs were reinjected intravenously. Planar anterior and posterior images of the chest and abdomen were obtained 30 min after radiolabeled DRBC reinjection. Congruent SPECT and CT images of the chest and abdomen were also acquired and were displayed with and without fusion. QUESTION 1Localization of DRBCs takes place by what mechanism? A. Active transport by splenocytes via the adenosine triphosphatase-driven Na-K pump. B. Binding to transferrins, which localize to splenic tissue. C. Ion exchange on the cell membrane of splenocytes. D. Phagocytosis of the DRBCs by the reticuloendothelial system and size-and shape-dependent sequestration by the spleen.
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