Buyer-seller watermarking protocols are protocols that let a seller embed a watermark which uniquely identifies the buyer of each sold copy of some work without allowing the seller to learn the watermark. The purpose of such protocols is to deter buyers from illegally redistributing the work while protecting the buyer from being framed by dishonest sellers.Existing buyer-seller watermarking schemes require that every buyer receives his or her copy directly from the seller. We consider the problem of extending buyer-seller watermarking to allow (controlled) redistribution between buyers while main taining a watermark that uniquely identifies each recipient. An efficient and secure protocol of this type could allow distribution of digital content in peer-to-peer networks while protecting the owner's copyright. We give a proof-of-concept protocol which only requires limited interaction with the original seller to change the watermark.
Abstract. We study the problem of constructing efficient proofs of knowledge of preimages of general group homomorphisms. We simplify and extend the recent negative results of Bangerter et al. (TCC 2010) to constant round (from three-message) generic protocols over concrete (instead of generic) groups, i.e., we prove lower bounds on both the soundness error and the knowledge error of such protocols. We also give a precise characterization of what can be extracted from the prover in the direct (common) generalization of the Guillou-Quisquater and Schnorr protocols to the setting of general group homomorphisms.Then we consider some settings in which these bounds can be circumvented. For groups with no subgroups of small order we present: (1) a three-move honest verifier zero-knowledge argument under some set-up assumptions and the standard discrete logarithm assumption, and (2) a Σ-proof of both the order of the group and the preimage. The former may be viewed as an offline/online protocol, where all slow cut-andchoose protocols can be moved to an offline phase.
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