Overall, there is no evidence to conclude superiority of modafinil in increasing cocaine abstinence and treatment retention rate. However, promising result in subgroup analysis of cocaine abstinence, secondary outcomes, and good safety profile urged the need of larger studies to derive more conclusive results.
Introduction
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has become a major global crisis. Preliminary reports have, in general, indicated worse outcomes in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, but the magnitude of cardiovascular (CV) complications in this subgroup has not been elucidated.
Methods
We included 142 patients admitted with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 from April 1st to May 30th 2020; 71 (50%) had DM. We compared baseline demographics and study outcomes between those with or without DM using descriptive statistics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for the study outcomes in DM patients, compared to those without DM, stratified by age, sex and glycaemic control. CV outcomes of interest include acute myocarditis, acute heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, new‐onset atrial fibrillation and composite cardiovascular end‐point consisting of all individual outcomes above.
Result
Mean age was 58 years. The unadjusted rates were higher in DM patients compared to non‐diabetics for the composite cardiovascular end‐point (73.2% vs. 40.6%
p
< .0001), acute myocarditis (36.6% vs. 15.5%
p
= .004), acute heart failure (25.3% vs. 5.6%
p
= .001), acute myocardial infarction (9.9% vs. 1.4%
p
= .03) and new‐onset atrial fibrillation (12.7% vs. 1.4%
p
= .009). After controlling for relevant confounding variables, diabetic patients had higher odds of composite cardiovascular end‐point, acute heart failure and new‐onset atrial fibrillation.
Purpose
To report post typhoid fever neuroretinitis with Serous Retinal Detachment and choroidal involvement.
Observation
Patients with diminished vision post typhoid fever can present with neuroretinitis with serous retinal detachment.
Conclusion and importance
With help from noninvasive imaging such as optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA) and Deep Range Imaging(DRI), we were able to conclude choroidal involvement – which has not been discussed in literatures yet.OCTA and choroidal thicknessboth served as agood indicators for monitoring the response of treatment in this case.
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