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Background:Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infectious disease in the world. Moreover, it plays a role in spontaneous abortion. The accuracy of PCR in detection of C. trachomatis infections has been shown in several studies. Objectives: The frequency of spontaneous abortion and known side effects and statistics vary in Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with spontaneous abortion and different ways to identify and determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis are used. Materials and Methods: Four sterile Dacron swabs were used to collect specimens from endocervix and vagina from women with miscarriage. DNA was extracted by AccuPrep Genomic DNA extraction kit. The nested PCR procedure was performed with two pair primers. This study was conducted on women referred to Medical Centers of Tehran, Iran in 1391. Results: The number of intercourses per week and history of miscarriage can be known as the risk factors of abortion. Frequency of C. trachomatis in endocervix was 13.25%; the amount of vaginal infection among this group was 19%. Conclusions: Nested PCR as a sensitive Chlamydia trachomatis detection test and endocervical specimens has been offered to detect this bacterium in spontaneous abortion. Besides, C. trachomatis screening among pregnant women can be suggested to prevent abortion.

The nosocomial infections, caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria, are the most important cause of mortality throughout the world. One important mechanism against beta-lactam antibiotics is the production of beta-lactamases. Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative bacteria, like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannnii may produce these enzymes. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent the infections caused by β-lactamase-producing bacteria. Consequently, it is necessary to identify β-lactamaseproducing bacteria by phenotypic and molecular methods.

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Nowadays it has been proven that multidrug resistant and C. difficile infections have enjoyed virulent nature (1), thus, establishing policies on the duration of contact precaution to safety care for patients and prevent spread of these bacteria should be considered (2). Recently, the society for health care epidemiology of America (SHEA) has published a guidelines, which precisely included all dimension and time of contact precaution (3).

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Background: Clinical and epidemiological data indicate that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are acquired during childhood and remains for the life time of the host. Patients with physical and mental disabilities may be particularly exposed to this microorganism, because of different dietary, abilities, living, and sanitary condition. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori infection among institutionalized patients with Down syndrome and mental retardation. Patients and Methods: Seventy five institutionalized patients with Down syndrome and mental retardation, with the age range of < 10 to 50 years were selected from welfare Center, an institute for caring mental retardation and Down syndrome patients. Seventy five out patients were also included as controls too. The control population was from the same geographical area as the study group, and had comparable socioeconomic features. Sanitary condition and personal hygiene of both the intervention and control groups were considered. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced in response to H. pylori infection was measured, with the Helori-test IgG with 92% sensitivity and 95% specificity; urea breath test (UBT) was also done for all. Results: The differences between the groups were compared by t-test and X 2 test. Seropositivity for H. pylori was significantly higher in patients with Down syndrome and mental retardation than in those of the control group (P < 0.001) as the socioeconomic features did not differ between the two groups, this can be a strong consideration of the validity of this comparison (the current study showed that out of 75 specimens, 41 cases were positive by Elisa test; accordingly, UBT test results were positive too). Conclusions: The current study indicated that H. pylori infection occurs at a higher rate in patients with Down syndrome and mental retardation. This may provide more reasons to control the transmission of H. pylori among them.