Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD), is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes and have approximately - two to four times higher CVD rate than adult without diabetes. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is primarily used as the marker of cardiovascular risk in diabetes despite its several limitations. Although several newer markers of CVD are emerging, no marker has been established in Nepal. Objectives The study was designed to evaluate the non-high-density-lipoprotein- cholesterol(Non-HDL-C) and Total Cholesterol to High density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC:HDL-C ratio) as CVD risk marker in diabetes mellitus. Methods The study was conducted in the Department of Bbiochemistry, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences. The study comprised of 76 diabetic subjects and 60 non-diabetic subjects. The anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured. The Non-HDL-C and TC:HDL-C ratio were also calculated employing their respective formula. Results Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure and lipid parameters were significantly different between diabetic subjects and non-diabetic subjects. There was increased non-HDL-C and TC:HDL-C ratio in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, statistically significant correlations of non-HDL-C and TC:HDL-C ratio were obtained with BMI, WC, total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C in diabetic subjects. Conclusions The present study observation revealed that the Non-HDL-C and TC: HDL-C strongly correlate with established independent risk factors such as obesity(WC), elevated blood pressure, HDL-C and LDL-C in diabetes. Thus, the evaluation of Non-HDL-C and TC: HDL-C ratio can be used as the simple, cost-effective and cumulative marker of cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus.http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v8i4.6239 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2010;8(4):398-404
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by a chronic high level of blood sugar with disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action or both. Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease which leads to the destruction of the periodontal ligament fibers and alveolar bone until tooth loss. Among the several factors that may manifest periodontitis like aging, genetic factors, poor oral hygiene, obesity and virulence of the attacking micro-organisms, type 2 diabetes mellitus has received the greatest attention. Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the association type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontal condition among population in mid-western region of Nepal. Methods: We screened 200 subjects of age group from 30 to 50 years and divided into two groups: Group I – diabetic person and Group II were non diabetic. Oral examination was done to get the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need score and correlation between Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease was determined. Results: Our result showed strong correlation between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis. When the evaluation was done for prevalence of periodontal disease according to diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of periodontal disease was significantly higher in diabetic person compared to non-diabetic individuals (88% vs 74.4%, P=0.03). [Odds Ratio = 11.826 and 95% confidence interval: 5.415-21.828]. Conclusion: Provided Diabetes mellitus related morbidity and mortality is burgeoning in our society and it is imperative to identify right indicators of periodontal disease for specific population.
Introduction: Nutrient artery is the chief artery for the blood supply of the long bone and passes through the nutrient foremen which lie towards the medial border in the anteromedial surface below the midpoint in humerus. During the surgical procedures like bone grafting and microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation, the knowledge of nutrient foramen is important. The nutrient artery plays an important role in nonunion and delayed union of fracture bone. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the number, position and direction of the nutrient foramina of humerus. Materials and Methods: 50 humerus, 21 of right and 29 of left side were studied without any pathological disorders. Results: Single nutrient foremen was observed in 80% humerus. Double foramen in 16%. There was no foramen in 4% humerus. It was also concluded that 88% humerus had the nutrient foremen in anteromedial surface. Nutrient foremen were dominant in Zone II with 82%. All foramen were directed towards the lower end of humeri. Conclusion: The presence of single foramen in the zone II was dominant. The nutrient foramina were also dominant in the anteromedial surface of the humerus.
Introduction: The ratio of the lengths of the index and the ring finger (2D:4D ratio) is generally different between men and women. A number of studies have shown a correlation between the 2D:4D digit ratio and various physical and behavioral traits. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association of the index (2nd) and ring (4th) digit ratios with some physical traits in Nepal population. Material & Method: 200 students (100 males and 100 females) between ages of 18 years and above were randomly selected with exclusion of those with hand deformities. The digit lengths were measured from the basal crease to the tips usingvernier calipers. The 2D:4D ratios were determined for each subject while height and weight were used to calculate the body mass index and data analyzed. The study was conducted between January 2018 to November 2018. Result: The result of the anthropometric study of the differences in index (2D) and ring (4D) and their ratios shows that there was a significant difference between the length of index finger (2D), ring finger (4D) and the ratios of right hand's 2D:4D in both males and females. There was appositive correlation between the second digit length and Height and weight in males and females both on right and left sides. The 2D:4D ratio for both left and right hand did not show any positive correlation with height, weight or BMI of an individual.
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