Background Skin infections were the most frequently encountered of all infections and the 4th leading cause of nonfatal disease burden. Topical drugs have been used for the management of skin infections. The growing concern of drug resistance to the topical agents has warned the need for continuous development of novel drug. Essential oils are the best candidate for new drug with different mode of action and target as they are rich in chemical constituents. Objective To evaluate and develop safe and effective topical antimicrobial formulations from essential oil of Cymbopogon martini. Method. Essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation aerial part C. martini and topical formulations were prepared in five different semisolid bases. In vitro antimicrobial investigations were performed on essential oil and topical formulations. Skin sensitizations of the formulations were evaluated using guinea pig maximization. Results The essential oil of C. martini has shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial potency against all tested organisms with MIC value ranging from 0.65 to 10 μg/ml. Absolute inhibitions of growth of fungi were observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum at concentrations above 1% of oil and against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum at a concentration of 4% oil. Among topical formulations, the highest antimicrobial activity was recorded in hydrophilic ointment followed by macrogol blend ointment. The antimicrobial activity of oil was higher in fungal pathogen compared to bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative bacteria. Hydrophilic and macrogol blend ointment containing 5% oil did not produce any skin sensitization on guinea pigs. Conclusion In conclusion, topical formulations of C. martini essential oil can be alternative topical agents with safe broad-spectrum activity for the treatment of skin disorder. Further studies should focus on shelf life study and clinical study of the product.
Background Studies showed that each year people lose their life on the road and many people are disabled. The majority of this disability was caused by orthopedic injury related to road traffic accidents. However, in the context of Ethiopia, studies ascribed to orthopedic injuries related to road traffic accidents are limited. The study aimed to assess the pattern of orthopedic injuries related to road traffic accidents among patients managed at the emergency department of Black Lion Hospital. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 354 victims of road traffic accidents with orthopedic injuries who were visiting the Emergency department of Black Lion Hospital. Patient charts were selected by systematic random sampling technique and the data was entered into Epi-data version 4.4.2.2 and exported to the static package for social science window version 26, and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results The study reveals that males were mostly injured persons (71.7%) with the age group of 13–24 were the most injured. Passenger car accounts 36.3% of causes of injury followed by motorbikes (27.4%) and lower limbs were the most common anatomic site of injuries (47.9). Of all injury types, a fracture is the most common one with 71.1%, especially lower limb fracture (42.1%). More than half victims (59.5%) had open wounds, and almost half of the study subjects (51.8%) experience Road traffic accidents while they are crossing or walking along the way. Conclusion Orthopedic injuries related to road traffic accidents are the main cause of death and disability in many individuals, especially in reproductive age groups. Therefore, policy-makers should be aware of different patterns of orthopedic injuries associated with a victim of road traffic accidents to have an appropriate and sustainable capacity to manage the orthopedic injuries.
Background: Point of Care ultrasound is defined as a goal-directed ultrasound exam performed by the treating physician to answer a well-defined question relevant to the immediate care of a patient. Currently, lung ultrasound is increasingly used in critically ill patients as an alternative to bedside chest radiography. Point of care ultrasound is a mandatory training for emergency and critical care physicians but there are no published papers on the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound performed by emergency medicine residents. This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of emergency medicine residents’ chest ultrasound interpretation at two public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study targeting senior emergency residents in two hospitals in comparison with radiologists. The study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2022 by using a structured questionnaire. There were a total of 70 emergency residents at these hospitals. The completed data was coded, manually checked, and exported to SPSS version 25 for data analysis. Results:60 emergency and critical care medicine residents were enrolled in this study among which 28 (46.7%) were from Addis Ababa University and 32 (53.3%) were from St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College. The overall accuracy in the interpretation of chest ultrasound was low. The sensitivity of residents in detecting normal chest ultrasounds was 95%. Most residents correctly identified pneumothorax at 96.7% and the lowest rate of interpretation was lung metastasis at 5%. There is a moderate agreement between emergency residents and radiologists (kappa 0.4). There is no factor identified that has a significant association with the outcome of interpreting chest ultrasound scans. Conclusion: The skills of residents in interpreting chest ultrasound results are low regardless of the prevalence of the condition in the emergency room or the relative clinical importance of the condition. Poor sensitivity results with misinterpretations were common. Recommendation: we recommend the need for continuous training and assessment of the residents on lung ultrasound scanning. Further studies should be done, to fill the gaps and improve the quality of teaching.
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