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Acrylamide, a probable human carcinogen, is formed during the cooking of many commonly consumed foods. Data are scant on whether dietary acrylamide represents an important cancer risk in humans. We studied the association between acrylamide and prostate cancer risk using 2 measures of acrylamide exposure: intake from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and acrylamide adducts to hemoglobin. We also studied the correlation between these 2 exposure measures. We used data from the populationbased case-control study Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS). Dietary data was available for 1,499 cases and 1,118 controls. Hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide were measured in blood samples from a subset of 170 cases and 161 controls. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of prostate cancer in high versus low quantiles of acrylamide exposure using logistic regression. The correlation between FFQ acrylamide intake and acrylamide adducts in non-smokers was 0.25 (95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.35), adjusted for age, region, energy intake, and laboratory batch. Among controls the correlation was 0.35 (95% CI: 0.21-0.48); among cases it was 0.15 (95% CI: 0.00-0.30). The OR of prostate cancer for the highest versus lowest quartile of acrylamide adducts was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.47-1.85, p-value for trend 5 0.98). For FFQ acrylamide, the OR of prostate cancer for the highest versus lowest quintile was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.75-1.27, p trend 5 0.67). No significant associations were found between acrylamide exposure and risk of prostate cancer by stage, grade, or PSA level. Acrylamide adducts to hemoglobin and FFQ-measured acrylamide intake were moderately correlated. Neither measure of acrylamide exposure-hemoglobin adducts or FFQ-was associated with risk of prostate cancer.

Objective: To examine the coherence of estimated intakes of acrylamide (AA) from foods, with hemoglobin (Hb) AA adduct levels, an objective marker of environmental AA exposure. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: The Malmö Diet and Cancer study, a large population-based prospective cohort (n ¼ 28 098) in the south of Sweden. Subjects: A sample of non-smoking (n ¼ 70) and smoking (n ¼ 72) women and men selected to obtain large variation in Hb AA adducts. Methods: Self-reported data on the usual consumption of foods were combined with published data on the AA content in Swedish foods. The Hb AA adduct levels were determined by a modified Edman degradation method. Linear regression and correlation analysis examined associations between estimated AA intakes, and Hb AA adducts. Results: In randomly selected individuals (n ¼ 40), the estimated median AA intake was 28 mg per day. In linear regression models, adjusting for sex, significant associations were seen in non-smokers between Hb AA adducts and estimated AA from foods (P ¼ 0.006). In smokers both AA from foods (P ¼ 0.006) and the calculated amount of tobacco consumed (P ¼ 0.003) were significantly associated with Hb AA adducts. Positive partial correlations between dietary AA estimates and Hb AA adducts were seen in smoking men (r ¼ 0.37) and women (r ¼ 0.59), and in non-smoking men (r ¼ 0.60), but not in non-smoking women. Conclusions: This study suggests that both diet and tobacco are important sources of the environmental AA exposure, although the lack of correlations in non-smoking women cast doubt on the validity of dietary AA intake estimates used in cancer epidemiology, or suggest that unrecognized factors may influence the internal dose measure of AA exposure.

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Acrylamide (AA) is a reactive compound widely used as an industrial chemical. It is also, as recently shown, present in heated foodstuffs. AA is known to cause tumors in rodents and is classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. The metabolite glycidamide (GA) is assumed to be the predominant genotoxic agent in AA exposure. Therefore, knowledge about in vivo doses of GA is essential for cancer risk assessment of exposure to AA. The in vivo dose of GA could be inferred from the level of the adduct formed by GA with N-terminal valine (GA-Val) in hemoglobin (Hb), detached as a pentafluorophenylthiohydantoin (PFPTH) and measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (GC/MS/MS) analysis. However, due to the highly polar character of the GA-Val-PFPTH derivative, it was found necessary to modify the method through further derivatization. This paper presents an evaluation of acetonization for derivatization of the adjacent bond;OH and bond;NH(2) groups in the adduct formed from GA. Good reproducibility was obtained. Also, acetonization improves the response and thus increases the sensitivity of the GC/MS/MS analysis of the PFPTH derivative of GA-Val. The sensitivity obtained is sufficient for studies of background adduct levels of GA in animals and in humans. Acetonization as a method for derivatization is robust and simple.

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