In the last three decades, different test methods have been used to assess the level of protection provided by various textile materials against liquid pesticide penetration. Of these, the ISO 6350/EN368 gutter test is currently used to screen garment materials for certification of type 6 personal protective equipment (PPE) in Europe. The atomizer test method developed in Germany is used to evaluate the performance of PPE marketed there. In addition, a pipette method is being proposed as an American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) test method in the United States. This study compares the three test methods and determines the suitability of these methods for screening protective clothing materials against liquid pesticides. Six fabrics selected to represent the woven and nonwoven fabrics used while handling and spraying pesticides are contaminated with dilute pesticide formulations following the three test methods. Repellency, pesticide retention, and penetration characteristics of the test materials are measured. The results indicate that the evaluation of fabric performance is affected by the test method.
Improved Cardiac Patient Management Through Cardiac MarkersCardiac markers enable the diagnosis and characterization of cardiac diseases. While the highly sensitive troponin assay is specific for myocardial infarction, myeloperoxidase is a powerful tool for early determination of plaque formation. Homocysteine is independently associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular events and stroke in particular. Elevated plasma concentrations predict outcome and help identify high-risk groups most likely to benefit from prevention and therapy. Homocysteine turned out as a valuable marker for early diagnoses of folate and B-vitamin deficiencies that are involved in anemias and numerous chronic diseases. This article presents the innovative marker MPO, the well established marker troponin and the versatile and useful marker homocysteine, and explains their importance in cardiac patient management.
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