BackgroundThere is increasing evidence that community acquired S. aureus infections are spreading among healthy children. Nasal colonization with S. aureus plays pivotal role in the increasing prevalence of resistant community acquired S. aureus infections worldwide. A regular surveillance system is important in ensuring quality of patient care. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of and the factors associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern among healthy children in Ujjain, India.MethodsA prospective study was done in paediatric outpatient clinics of R.D. Gardi medical college Ujjain, India. Healthy children from 1 month to 59 months of age were included. Information on previously known risk factors for nasal colonization was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Swabs from anterior nares were collected and transported in Amies transport media with charcoal and cultured on 5% sheep blood agar. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed using Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method according to performance standards of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines.ResultsOf the 1,562 children from 1-month up-to five years of age included in the study 98 children tested positive for nasal carriage of S. aureus. The prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus was 6.3% (95% CI 5.1-7.5) out of which 16.3% (95% CI 8.9-23.8) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The factors associated with nasal carriage were "child attending preschool" (OR 4.26, 95% CI 2.25-8.03; P = 0.007) or "school" (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.27-7.18; P < 0.001) and "family size more than 10 members" (OR 2.76 95% CI 1.06-7.15; P = 0.03). The sensitivity pattern of isolated S. aureus showed resistance to commonly used oral antibiotics while resistance to glycopeptides was not noted.ConclusionsWe found a relatively low rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus in children below five years when compared to children of older age groups in India. Yet, prevalence of MRSA was relatively high.

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Present study aimed at evaluation of mosquito larvicidal and antibacterial activities of mixture of crude and solvent extracts of Curcuma amada rhizome and Tamarindus indica leaf against Culex vishnui larvae and eight pathogenic bacteria. Larvicidal bioassay was performed by graded concentrations of crude, methanol and aqueous extracts. Log-probit analysis for estimation of LC 50 and LC 90 values was performed. ANOVA analysis was also conducted. Effects of the extracts on non-target organisms were also examined. Antibacterial activity was examined through standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis of the most potent extract were also done. Highest mortality (100%) was recorded at 100 ppm concentration of methanol extract after 72 hours in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae. LC 50 and LC 90 values were 72.32 and 131.14 ppm respectively after 24 h for the 3 rd instar larvae. No effects on non-target organisms found. Crude and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria while aqueous extracts showed none. Highest inhibition zone (19.00±0.00 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC 103 by methanolic extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening of most potent extract detected tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. Presence of various functional groups was revealed by FT-IR analysis. Results confirm the potential mosquito larvicidal and antibacterial activities of mixture C. amada rhizome and T. indica leaf extracts. This approach of using mixture of extracts for getting better result against harmful biological agents is a promising finding which may further approve application of coactivity of bioactive compounds of plant origin. Keywords Curcuma amada rhizome; Tamarindus indica leaf; Mixture of extracts; Mosquito larvicide and Bactericide; FT-IR analysis; Non-target organisms 1 Materials and Methods 1.1 Collection and authentication of plants Rhizome of C. amada was collected from local market of Burdwan and T. indica leaves were collected from outskirts of Burdwan (23°16´N, 87°54´E

Background: The purpose of this study was to gather normative data on the mesio-distal crown dimensions amongst adolescent population of Province II, Nepal, to make an accurate diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics. It will also be useful in various clinical disciplines of dentistry including basic dental and anthropological research. Materials and Methods: Samples were selected Full form OPD of M B Kedia Dental College, Birgunj, Nepal. Total numbers of participants were 120, out of which 60 males and 60 females were selected after initial examination aged between 11 to 23 years. Subjects with all permanent teeth erupted (except second and third molar) without any history of previous orthodontic treatment and with no dental anomalies were included in this study. The alginate impressions were made by the well trained dental surgeon. Digital vernier calliper providing measurements to ± 0.01millimeter(mm) was used to measure the mesio-distal dimension of all teeth. Results: The mean, range and standard deviation were calculated for the size of the teeth. Independent t-test was used to compare between male and female population. The significance level was set at p value <= 0.05. The population of Province II, Nepal shows greater sexual dimorphism in mesio-distal crown dimension which was exhibited by the maxillary molars (0.88 mm) followed by mandibular molars (0.38 mm). Similarly in anterior tooth segment the maxillary canines (0.29 mm) followed by the mandibular canines (0.27 mm). Conclusion: The mean mesio-distal crown dimensions of the permanent dentition of males were larger than that of females for each type of tooth except maxillary central and lateral incisor.

Introduction: Malocclusion is one of the commonest problem in dentistry and the knowledge on its prevalence on particular population group is very important to plan oral health activities. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in school going children of Parsa district, Nepal, and to compare the same with previous study. Materials and Method: The sample consisted of 250 males and 210 females (total of 460 subjects) aged between 6 to 17 years. Subjects without any previous orthodontic treatment and with no dental anomalies were included in this study. Census sampling was done for the patient visiting orthodontic from November 2018 to March 2019. Classification of malocclusion was based on Angle’s classification of malocclusion. Collected data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2007 and converted into Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 11.5 for statistical analysis. For descriptive statistics, percentage and proportion, were calculated, also tabular presentation were performed. For inferential statistics, Chi square test were used for intergroup comparison. Result: School going children of Parsa district, Nepal suggests 50.47% female and 45.6% of male exhibits Angle’s Class I malocclusion, 29.04% female and 30% male exhibits class II pattern, 11.4% female and 12.0% male exhibits class III pattern. The other findings reported in the study were, the occurrence of crowding of teeth more in males whereas the occurrence of spacing is more in females. Conclusion: Majority of the subjects in the study had Class I malocclusion. Only 9.04% female and 12.4% of male showed normal class I occlusion. The occurrence of crowding of teeth more in males whereas the occurrence of spacing is more in females. This may be due to the incidence of missing tooth is more in females.