excessively cold sensations. [5] In contrast, hydrophobic textiles such as polyester can repel water on the outside, [6] but are useless against sweat on the inside. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to improve the sweat transport through textiles, such as doublelayer hydrophobic/hydrophilic fabrics, [7] cotton fabrics printed with fluorocarbonbased hydrophobic finishes, [8] trilayered polyurethane/ (polyurethane-hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile-SiO 2 )/ hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile-SiO 2 fibrous membranes, [9] and biomimetic fibrous Murray membrane. [10] However, not much attention was paid to the dissipation of heat during the sweat transporting process. Since textiles thermal insulation can decrease, and the amount of reduction varies from 2 to 8% as related to water accumulation within textiles, [11] even resulting in hypothermia. Therefore, the development of a new functional textile to achieve efficient sweat transport and prevent undesired excessive cold is urgently needed.Directional water transport is a common phenomenon widely found in nature. [12] For example, spider silk with periodic conical spindle knots can drive water droplets toward spindle knots, [13] cactus spines can transport water directionally due to the curvature gradient on the surface of the spine, [14] and shorebirds can transport prey-laden water droplets toward their mouth by opening and closing their beaks. [15] These interesting phenomena of directional water transport originate from their unique asymmetric gradient structures. Therefore, construction of an asymmetric surface structure may be a method for designing functional textiles with effective sweat transport capability.Herein, we fabricated a hydrophobic/superhydrophilic Janus polyester/nitrocellulose textile with asymmetric hydrophilic conical micropores for directional liquid transport by a simple laser perforation method (Figure 1). This Janus polyester/ nitrocellulose textile can unidirectionally pump the excessive sweat from the hydrophobic layer to the superhydrophilic layer through asymmetric hydrophilic conical micropores from large to small (LTS) openings, thereby avoiding undesired sticky and excessive cold sensations from sweat. This study provides new information for the development of functional textiles that effectively manage excess sweat for comfortable skin microenvironments.A Janus polyester/nitrocellulose membrane is a kind of commercially available material that is widely used in microfluidic Excessive sweat secreted from the skin often causes undesired adhesion from wetted textiles and cold sensations. Traditional hydrophilic textiles such as cotton can absorb sweat but retain it. A hydrophobic/ superhydrophilic Janus polyester/nitrocellulose textile embedded with a conical micropore array with a hydrophilic inner surface that can achieve directional liquid transport (with an ultrahigh directional water transport capability of 1246%) and maintain human body temperature (2-3 °C higher than with cotton textiles) is demonstrated. When the hydr...
A sensitive nucleic acid detection platform based on superhydrophilic microwells spotted on a superhydrophobic substrate is fabricated. Due to the wettability differences, ultratrace DNA molecules are enriched and the fluorescent signals are amplified to allow more sensitive detection. The biosensing interface based on superwettable materials provides a simple and cost-effective way for ultratrace DNA sensing.
Background: In the 1990s, China introduced a "free" tuberculosis (TB) care policy under the national TB control program. Recently, as a part of a new TB diagnosis and treatment model, it has been recommended that the integrated model scale up. This paper examines whether or not TB designated hospitals in the selected project sites have provided TB care according to the national and local guidelines, and analyzes the actual practices and expenditures involved in completing TB treatment. It also explores the reasons why "free" TB care in China cannot be effectively implemented under the integrated model. Methods:This study was conducted in three counties of Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu province. Mixed methods were used, which comprised reviewing the national and local TB control guidelines, conducting TB patient surveys, collecting TB inpatient and outpatient hospital records, and conducting qualitative interviews with stakeholders. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data analysis across counties and in order to compare patients who received only outpatient care and those who received both outpatient and inpatient care. The chi-square test and analysis of variance were performed where necessary. Qualitative data were analyzed using the framework approach. Results: Although the national TB care guidelines recommend outpatient care as a basis for TB treatment in China, we found high hospital admission rates for TB patients ranging from 39 % in Yangzhong county to 83 % in Dantu county. Almost all outpatient TB patients paid for lab tests and over 80 % paid for liver protection drugs and around 70 % paid for image examinations. These three components accounted for three-quarters of the total outpatient expenditure. For patients who received only outpatient care, the total expenditure upon completion of TB treatment was on average 1,135 Chinese yuan. For patients who received outpatient and inpatient care, the total expenditure upon completion of TB treatment was 11,117 Chinese yuan. Conclusion:The "free" TB care policy under the integrated model has not been effectively implemented in China. There has been substantial spending on non-recommended services, examinations, and drugs for TB treatment.
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