Collection of wastewater in segregated streams is one of the new concepts in domestic wastewater management. One such stream is yellow water which is mainly human urine. Direct use of this richest fraction in terms of nutrients on plants as fertilizer is one of the recommendations as the final end use. Indirect use of urine as fertilizer may also be exercised after various modes of processing. One of those is processing with clinoptilolite to transfer plant nutrients onto the zeolite and then to recover them subsequently. One of the significant factors in this process is the initial nutrient loading with which clinoptilolite is charged. This paper aims to investigate the transfer of ammonium and potassium from source-separated urine onto clinoptilolite, concentrating upon surface concentrations attained and removal efficiencies under various initial ammonium loadings. The results have indicated that variations in initial loading have no significant effect in terms of removal efficiencies up to 10 mg NH(4) (+)/g clinoptilolite. Highly acceptable efficiencies could be attained up to 15 mg NH(4) (+)/g clinoptilolite after which the efficiency goes down as initial loading is increased. Overall, increased initial loadings result in higher final surface concentrations but decreased removal efficiencies.
Alga merah (Eucheuma spinosum) dari Perairan Bangka Selatan mengandung pigmen merah yang bersifat sebagai antioksidan. Antioksidan alami dari alga diketahui berperan penting dalam melawan berbagai penyakit dan proses penuaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan skrining fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etanol alga Euchema spinosum dari Perairan Bangka Selatan. Alga dalam keadaan segar (AS), alga kering (AK) dan alga olahan (AO) ditentukan aktivitas antioksidannya menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl). Ekstraksi menggunakan etanol 70% dalam suasana asam selama 24 jam dan diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak kering difraksinasi dengan etanol-n-heksana (2:3) dan fraksi etanol dikeringkan. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan semua fraksi mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid dan triterpenoid. Aktivitas antioksidan paling kuat ditemukan pada fraksi etanol AO dengan nilai IC 50 333,66 μg/mL, AS 418,32 μg/mL dan AK 472,14 μg/mL. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi etanol alga olahan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber antioksidan alami.
ABSTRAKKulit bawang merah mengandung senyawa flavonoid, polifenol, saponin, terpenoid dan alkaloid. Golongan flavonoid yang terdapat pada kulit bawang merah adalah flavonol yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan kuat serta diketahui dapat mengurangi risiko tumor, kanker, penyakit jantung, stroke, bronchitis, asma dan anti peradangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan membandingkan kadar flavonoid ekstrak etanol 70% kulit bawang merah menggunakan metode maserasi dan MAE (Microwave Assited Extraction). Metode ekstraksi maserasi dilakukan pada suhu kamar dan MAE pada suhu 80C. Kadar flavonoid diukur menggunakan alat spektrofotometri UV-VIS dengan reagen AlCl3. Senyawa standar flavonoid yang digunakan adalah kuersetin. Kadar flavonoid yang didapatkan dengan metode maserasi adalah sebesar 14,92% dan kadar flavonoid yang didapatkan dengan metode MAE adalah sebesar 17,18%. Dari data ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode MAE (Microwave Assited Extraction) lebih efektif digunakan untuk mengekstrak flavonoid dari kulit bawang merah dibandingkan dengan metode maserasi.Kata Kunci: Kulit bawang merah, maserasi, MAE, flavonoid
Binahong (Anredera scandens (L.) Moq.) leaves are one of the plants that empirically can be used for wound healing and contain flavonoids which have antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Determination of the optimum conditions of the Binahong leaf extraction process needs to be done to ensure the extraction quality of the Binahong leaves associated with the given activity. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) is an extraction that utilizes microwave radiation to heat the solvent quickly and efficiently. This study aims to determine the most effective binahong leaf extraction conditions that produce optimal levels of flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The extraction process was carried out using the Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method. Determination of optimum conditions is done based on Response Surface Method (RSM) with variable ethanol concentration (70%, 80% and 90%), extraction time (4, 12 and 20 minutes) and power (450, 600, and 800 watts) using Box- Behnken Design (BBD) with Design Expert 7.0 software. The extract quality parameters measured were total flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity. The results showed the optimum conditions with the BBD method were obtained at an ethanol concentration of 81.49%, extraction time of 13.84 minutes, and power of 626.19 watts with flavonoid levels of 3.8561% and antioxidant activity (IC50) of 95.51834 ppm with active categories.
<p>Metode <em>Microwave-Assisted Extraction</em> (MAE) digunakan untuk mengekstraksi senyawa flavonoid dari simplisia alga coklat <em>Padina australis</em>. Sampel diperoleh dari Pantai Bayah, Banten Indonesia. Kondisi optimal ekstraksi ditentukan dengan <em>Response Surface Methodology </em>(RSM). Desain Box-Behnken (BBD) digunakan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh 3 faktor dengan 3 <em>level</em> yaitu daya <em>microwave</em> (300, 450, 600 watt), konsentrasi etanol (30, 50, 70%), dan waktu ekstraksi (7, 8 dan 9 menit) dengan 15 perlakuan yang berbeda. Hasil disain eksperimen dengan BBD menunjukkan kondisi ekstraksi optimum yaitu pada daya <em>microwave</em> 414 watt, konsentrasi etanol 50,33% dan waktu ekstraksi 7,89 menit menghasilkan kadar prediksi flavonoid sebesar nilai 0,2963%. Nilai ini mendekati nilai kadar flavonoid yang diperoleh secara eksperimental sebesar 0,2961%, pada kondisi menggunakan daya microwave sebesar 450 watt, konsentrasi etanol 50% dengan lama ekstraksi 8 menit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kadar flavonoid total dapat meningkat secara signifikan dengan melakukan optimasi proses MAE menggunakan RSM.</p><p><strong>Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Total Flavonoid Content of <em>Padina australis</em> Brown Algae. </strong><strong> </strong>Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was done to extraction flavonoid from<em> Padina australis</em> brown algae simplicial. The sample collected from Bayah coastal waters, Banten Indonesia. Optimum extraction condition was determined by the response surface methodology (RSM). The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to evaluate the influence of 3 factors with 3 levels extraction that is microwave power (300, 450, 600 watts), ethanol concentration (30, 50, 70%), and extraction time (7, 8 and 9 minutes) with 15 different runs. The research showed that optimum extraction condition was at 414 watts of microwave power, 50.33% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 7.89 minutes yielded a predicted value of total flavonoid content of 0.2963%. This value approaches to the flavonoid content obtained experimentally at 0.2961% under condition of 450 watts microwave power, 50% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 8 minutes. Based on the result, total flavonoid content can be significantly increased by optimizing the MAE process use RSM.</p>
Rumput laut coklat Padina australis merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam laut yang keberadaannya sangat melimpah di perairan pantai Bayah, Banten Indonesia. Kandungan senyawa fenolik dan turunannya (flavonoid) berhubungan dengan aktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri dan antioksidan. Fenolik dianggap sebagai molekul dengan potensi tertinggi untuk menetralkan radikal bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kadar fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol P. australis menggunakan pereaksi Follin-ciocalteu dan 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) ekstrak etanol P. australis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar fenolik sebesar 42,62 mg SAG/g serbuk dan pada konsentrasi 5000 ppm menghambat sebesar 66, 01 % radikal bebas DPPH.
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